Accessories for handheld spectrometer

ABSTRACT

A handheld spectrometer apparatus may comprise an accessory coupled to a spectrometer, where the accessory is configured to receive a liquid sample pipette to facilitate measurement, using the spectrometer, of a liquid sample within the pipette. A handheld spectrometer apparatus to measure a body lumen of a subject can include an illumination unit, a spectrometer unit, a housing containing the illumination unit and the spectrometer unit and an accessory comprising a plurality of optical fibers. The optical fibers can be configured to guide light from the illumination unit to the body lumen and back from the body lumen to the spectrometer unit.

CROSS-REFERENCE

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.16/251,509, filed Jan. 18, 2019, which is a continuation of PCT PatentApplication No. PCT/IL2017/050808, filed Jul. 18, 2017, which claims thebenefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/364,331, filed Jul. 20,2016, and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/504,579,filed May 11, 2017, the disclosure of each of which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Spectrometers are used for many purposes. For example spectrometers areused in the detection of defects in industrial processes, satelliteimaging, and laboratory research. However these instruments havetypically been too large and too costly for the consumer market.

Spectrometers detect radiation from a sample and process the resultingsignal to obtain and present information about the sample that includesspectral, physical and chemical information about the sample. Theseinstruments generally include some type of spectrally selective elementto separate wavelengths of radiation received from the sample, and afirst-stage optic, such as a lens, to focus or concentrate the radiationonto an imaging array.

The prior spectrometers can be less than ideal in at least somerespects. Prior spectrometers having high resolution can be larger thanideal for use in many portable applications. Also, the cost of priorspectrometers can be greater than would be ideal. The priorspectrometers can be somewhat bulky, difficult to transport and theoptics can require more alignment than would be ideal in at least someinstances.

Although prior spectrometers with decreased size have been proposed. Theprior spectrometers having decreased size and optical path length canhave less than ideal resolution, sensitivity and less accuracy thanwould be ideal.

Work in relation to spectrometers suggests that the calibration andmeasurements with prior spectrometers can be less than ideal in at leastsome instances. For example, calibration of the spectrometer can berelated to accuracy of the measurements. Also, work in relation tospectrometers suggests that positioning of the sample and relatedmeasurements can be less than ideal. Also, back ground noise fromsources such as ambient light may affect the measurements. Traditionalspectrometers can be large and bulky and approaches to at least some ofthese problems may not be well suited for use with a hand held portablespectrometer.

Work in relation to spectrometers also suggests that prior methods andapparatus to position a sample with respect to a spectrometer can beless than ideal in at least some instances. For example, variations indistance of the sample from the spectrometer may contribute tovariability among results. The orientation of the sample may vary amongsamples and may contribute to variability among measured spectra. Also,background light and light reflected from surfaces near the sample mayaffect the measurements.

In light of the above, an improved spectrometer that overcomes at leastsome of the above mentioned deficiencies of the prior spectrometerswould be beneficial. Ideally such a spectrometer would be a compact,provide improved measurements and calibration, be integratable with aconsumer device such as a cellular telephone, sufficiently rugged andlow in cost to be practical for end-user spectroscopic measurements ofitems, convenient and convenient to use.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure describes improved spectrometer methods andapparatus. In some cases a liquid measurement accessory for a handheldspectrometer, can comprise:

-   an injection unit;-   a pipette unit said configured to be inserted into a measurement    chamber part of the spectrometer.

In some cases, the measurement chamber part is located in the center ofthe pipette unit.

In some cases an extension device for a handheld spectrometer, cancomprise:

one or more optical fiber bundles said bundles are connected to ameasurement cup.

In some cases, the one or more optical fiber bundles are connected to acombiner.

In some cases, s handheld spectrometer apparatus to measure a body lumenof a subject, can comprise an illumination unit; a spectrometer unit; ahousing containing the illumination unit and the spectrometer unit; anaccessory, said accessory comprising a plurality of optical fibers, saidoptical fibers are configured to guide light from the illumination unitto the body lumen and back from the body lumen to the spectrometer unit.

In some cases, a handheld spectrometer apparatus to measure a body lumenof a subject, can comprise an illumination unit; a spectrometer unit; ahousing containing the illumination unit and the spectrometer unit; anaccessory, said accessory comprising one or more light pipes, said lightpipes are configured to guide light from the illumination unit to thebody lumen and back from the body lumen to the spectrometer unit.

In some cases, the handheld spectrometer apparatus of can comprise acover and one or more adaptors for coupling said cover to the handheldspectrometer apparatus.

In some cases the accessory is a spectro-otoscope.

In some cases said body lumen is selected from the group comprising of:an ear, a nose, rectum

In some cases a handheld spectrometer apparatus to measure a body lumenof a subject, can comprise an illumination unit; a spectrometer unit; ahousing containing the illumination unit and the spectrometer unit; anaccessory, said accessory comprising one or more optical fibers, saidoptical fibers are configured to guide light from the illumination unitto the body lumen and back from the body lumen to the spectrometer unit.

In some cases an otoscope accessory for a handheld spectrometer, cancomprise:

-   a cover comprising a cavity; one or more engagement structures to    couple the cover to a first end of the handheld spectrometer, the    first end of the handheld spectrometer comprising an optical module    having an illumination unit and a spectrometer; and at least two    light pipes disposed within the cavity to be coupled to said    illumination unit and a spectrometer to guide light from the    illumination unit to the ear and back from the ear to the    spectrometer unit.

In some cases an otoscope accessory for a handheld spectrometer, cancomprise:

-   a cover comprising a cavity; one or more engagement structures to    couple the cover to a first end of the handheld spectrometer, the    first end of the handheld spectrometer comprising an optical module    having an illumination unit and a spectrometer; and a plurality of    optical fibers disposed within the cavity to be coupled to said    illumination unit and a spectrometer to guide light from the    illumination unit to the ear and back from the ear to the    spectrometer unit.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in thisspecification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent asif each individual publication, patent, or patent application wasspecifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity inthe appended claims. A better understanding of the features andadvantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to thefollowing detailed description that sets forth illustrative instances,in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and theaccompanying drawings of which:

FIG. 1 shows schematic diagrams of the optical layout.

FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of a spectrometer system.

FIG. 3 shows a schematic diagram of a spectrometer head.

FIG. 4 shows a schematic diagram of cross-section A of the spectrometerhead of FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 shows a schematic diagram of cross-section B of the spectrometerhead of FIG. 3.

FIG. 6 shows a schematic diagram of a spectrometer module.

FIG. 7 shows a schematic diagram of apertures formed in anon-transmissive material and a lens array.

FIG. 8 shows a schematic diagram of a spectrometer.

FIGS.9A and 9B show perspective views of a spectrometer in a cover and aremovable accessory container.

FIG. 9C shows a schematic diagram of a spectrometer placed within acover in a measurement configuration.

FIG. 9D shows a schematic diagram of a spectrometer placed within acover in a calibration configuration.

FIG. 10 shows an exploded assembly diagram of a spectrometer.

FIG. 11 shows an exploded assembly diagram of a cover.

FIG. 12 shows a process flow diagram of a method of calibrating aspectrometer.

FIG. 13 shows a method of placing a sample in an accessory formeasurement of the sample.

FIG. 14A shows a top view of a structure that can be provided on anaccessory configured to orient a sample.

FIG. 14B shows a first cross section view of a structure that can beprovided on an accessory configured to orient a sample.

FIG. 14C shows a second cross section view of a structure that can beprovided on an accessory configured to orient a sample.

FIG. 15A shows a top view of a structure that can be provided on anaccessory configured to orient a sample.

FIG. 15B shows a cross section view of a structure as in FIG. 15A thatcan be provided on an accessory configured to orient a sample.

FIG. 15C shows a top view of a structure as in FIGS. 15A and 15B thatcan be provided on an accessory configured to orient a sample.

FIG. 16 shows an accessory comprising a plurality of connectable parts.

FIG. 17 shows an exploded assembly diagram of an.

FIGS. 18A and 18B show perspective and a cross sectional diagrams,respectively, of an accessory.

FIG. 19A shows a cross section view of a spectrometer fitted in anaccessory configured to perform a measurement of a liquid sample.

FIG. 19B shows a window provided on an accessory configured to perform ameasurement of a liquid sample.

FIG. 20 shows a package in which a spectrometer kit can be housed.

FIG. 21 shows an isometric view of a compact hand held spectrometer.

FIG. 22 shows a top view of a spectrometer showing an operation button.

FIG. 23 shows a bottom view of a spectrometer showing a protrusion.

FIG. 24 shows a side view of a spectrometer.

FIG. 25 shows an end view of spectrometer head.

FIG. 26 shows an end of a spectrometer comprising a charging contact.

FIG. 27 shows an isometric view of a spectrometer with a side comprisinga charge contact facing up.

FIG. 28 shows an isometric view of a spectrometer with a side comprisinga spectrometer head facing up.

FIG. 29 shows a top view of a cover showing a hole.

FIG. 30 shows a side view of a cover.

FIG. 31 shows an end view of an open side of a cover.

FIG. 32 shows an end view of a closed side of a cover.

FIG. 33 shows an isometric view of a cover with a closed side of thecover facing a front of the view.

FIG. 34 shows an isometric view of the cover showing a base of thecover.

FIG. 35 shows an isometric view of the cover showing a base of the coverwith a top right corner of the base visible.

FIGS. 36A and 36B are perspective views of an exemplary accessoryconfigured to facilitate measurement of a liquid sample.

FIG. 37 shows a method for a calibration procedure to improve theaccuracy of sample measurements taken with a spectrometer system asdescribed herein.

FIGS. 38A-38C shows an advanced accessory and an extension device.

FIGS. 39-44B show a number of accessories to be coupled to a handheldspectrometer device.

FIG. 39 shows an advanced liquid accessory to enable convenient suctionof liquid into a measurement chamber.

FIG. 40 shows an extension device configured to be attached to aspectrometer.

FIG. 41 shows measurement cup units as described with reference to FIG.40.

FIG. 42A shows a schematic view of a handheld device coupled to anotoscope accessory component.

FIG. 42B shows another embodiment of an otoscope accessory unit whereinone or more optical fibers are used for guiding light accordingly fromthe illumination module to a portion of the ear, such as the ear drum,and back to the spectrometer module.

FIG. 43 shows a perspective view of a spectro-otoscope comprising anotoscope accessory component coupled to a handheld device.

FIG. 44A shows a first cross section view of a spectrometer comprising adisposable pipette as described with reference to FIGS. 38A-38C.

FIG. 44B shows a second cross section view of a spectrometer comprisinga disposable pipette as described with reference to FIGS. 38A-38C.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, various aspects of the invention will bedescribed. For the purposes of explanation, specific details are setforth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. Itwill be apparent to one skilled in the art that there are otherembodiments of the invention that differ in details without affectingthe essential nature thereof. Therefore the invention is not limited bythat which is illustrated in the figure and described in thespecification, but only as indicated in the accompanying claims, withthe proper scope determined only by the broadest interpretation of saidclaims.

A better understanding of the features and advantages of the presentdisclosure will be obtained by reference to the following detaileddescription that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which theprinciples of embodiments of the present disclosure are utilized, andthe accompanying drawings.

As used herein like characters identify like elements.

The examples disclosed herein can be combined in one or more of manyways to provide improved spectrometer methods and apparatus.

As used herein like characters refer to like elements.

As used herein “light” encompasses electromagnetic radiation havingwavelengths in one or more of the ultraviolet, visible, or infraredportions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

As used herein, the term “dispersive” is used, with respect to opticalcomponents, to describe a component that is designed to separatespatially, the different wavelength components of a polychromatic beamof light. Non-limiting examples of “dispersive” optical elements by thisdefinition include diffraction gratings and prisms. The termspecifically excludes elements such as lenses that disperse lightbecause of non-idealities such as chromatic aberration or elements suchas interference filters that have different transmission profilesaccording to the angle of incident radiation. The term also excludes thefilters and filter matrixes described herein.

The dimensions of an optical beam as described herein can be determinedin one or more of many ways. The size of the beam may comprise a fullwidth half maximum of the beam, for example. The measurement beam maycomprise blurred edges, and the measurement area of the beam definingthe measurement area of the sample may comprise a portion of the beamextending beyond the full width half maximum of the beam, for example.The dimensions of the aiming beam can be similarly determined.

The present disclosure describes improved spectrometer methods andapparatus. The spectrometer comprises a cover that can be used forcalibration and sample measurements. The cover may comprise a containerthat holds one or more of the spectrometer, a calibration material or areference sample. The cover may comprise a protective sheath having aclosed end and an open end sized to receive the spectrometer. Thespectrometer can be placed in the sheath to calibrate the spectrometerand to measure samples. In a calibration orientation, an optical head ofthe spectrometer can be oriented toward the closed end of the sheathwhere a calibration material is located. In a measurement orientation,the optical head of the spectrometer can be oriented toward the open endof the sheath in order to measure a sample. To change the orientation,the spectrometer can be removed from the sheath container and placed inthe sheath container with a calibration orientation or a measurementorientation.

The sheath may comprise a structure having an open end, a closed end,and an interior sized to receive the spectrometer, and one or moreengagement structures to receive the spectrometer in a first orientationwith spectrometer optics oriented toward the closed end and a secondorientation with the spectrometer optics oriented toward the open end.

Accessory container covers can be provided and placed on the open end ofthe sheath with samples placed therein in order to provide improvedmeasurement of the samples with decreased interference from sources ofnoise such as ambient light. The accessory cover comprising thecontainer can have the advantage of placing the measured material at apredetermined location and orientation with respect to the spectrometerin order to improve the repeatability and accuracy of the measurements.

The protective sheath cover may comprise an optically non-transmissivematerial in order to inhibit interference from sources of noise such asbackground light.

The protective sheath cover may comprise a support having internalengagement structures to receive a housing of the spectrometer, and thehousing may comprise one or more corresponding engagement structures toengage the protective sheath cover. The protective sheath cover maycomprise a second engagement structures to hold the accessory samplecontainer when the spectrometer is oriented to measure a sample placedin the container.

In many instances, a kit comprises the spectrometer, the protectivesheath cover, and an accessory sample container. In many instances, thesheath cover comprises a hollow handle to hold the spectrometer, and theinternal engagement structures are located near the closed end of thesheath cover and the second engagement structures are located near theopen end with an axis of the handle extending therebetween.

In many instances, the sheath covering, the accessory cover containerand the spectrometer are arranged to form an outer closed protectivecontainer having the spectrometer contained therein when the accessorycover has been placed on the open end of the protective sheath cover inorder to cover the open end.

In many instances, an accessory container comprises a structure shapedto receive a sample such as a pill or liquid in order to accurately holdthe sample for measurement. The accessory container may comprise aninsert comprising the structure shaped to receive the sample, and aplurality of inserts can be provided to measure objects having differentshapes.

In some instances, the spectrometer apparatus can comprise a lightsource, a sensor array, and an accessory configured to permit samplingof a liquid by the spectrometer. The spectrometer apparatus can furthercomprise a housing to support the light source and the sensor array. Theaccessory can form a liquid tight seal with the housing. The accessorycan permit the spectrometer to be dipped into a liquid. The accessorycan comprise an accessory housing defining an inner chamber. Theaccessory house can comprise one or more openings to allow liquid toenter an interior of the chamber.

In an aspect, the accessory housing can comprise a diffuser and areflector. In some cases, the diffuser and the reflector can be a singlecomponent. The housing can comprise a reflective diffuser. The diffuserand reflector can be arranged to reflect light transmitted through thediffuser with the reflector. The accessory housing can comprise areflective diffuser, the reflective diffuser can be arranged todiffusely reflect light transmitted through the reflective diffuser. Theaccessory can be configured with an engagement structure to place thediffuser and the reflector at a fixed distance from the spectrometer.The accessory can comprise a plurality of energy transmission channelsto transmit energy to and from the liquid. The plurality of energytransmission channels can comprise one or more of an optical window or aheat transfer energy channel. In some cases, the heat transfer channelcan comprise a layer of metal to conduct heat from the liquid in contactwith a first side of the layer to an opposite side of the layer. Theoptical window can comprises a plurality of optical windows with anopaque material between the plurality of optical windows to inhibitoptical cross-talk of a light beam projected to the liquid and lightreceived from the liquid. The plurality of optical windows can comprisea light transmission window and a light receiving window with the opaquematerial located in between.

In some cases, the spectrometer apparatus can further comprise a heattransfer window configured to transmit infrared light energy to measurea temperature of the sample, the opaque material extending between thelight transmission window, the light receiving window and the heattransfer window.

In some instances a spectrometer apparatus can comprise a housing, alight source, a sensor array, and one or more accessories configured tocouple to the spectrometer with the housing.

The one or more accessories can comprise one or more of a sheath, acover, an accessory shaped to receive a pill or an accessory configuredto receive a liquid. The one or more accessories can comprise aplurality of one or more accessories. The housing can comprise anengagement structure shaped to couple to the one or more accessories.The housing and the one or more accessories can be configured to placethe accessory on an end of the spectrometer.

In some cases, a kit can be housed in a package. In some cases, thepackage can be provided for sale.

In an instance a spectrometer apparatus can comprise a light source; asensor array; and a cover to couple to the spectrometer apparatus,wherein the cover comprises a sheath cover sized to receive a housingcontaining a spectrometer comprising the light source and the sensorarray. The cover can comprise a support to hold a sample contained inthe cover to couple the light source to a detector with the sampleplaced thereon.

In an instance, a spectrometer apparatus can comprise a light source; asensor array; and a cover to couple to the spectrometer apparatus,wherein the cover comprises a sheath cover sized to receive a housingcontaining a spectrometer comprising the light source and the sensorarray.

In some cases, a spectrometer apparatus can comprise: a light source; asensor array; and an accessory configured to fix or provide one or moreof a position or an orientation of a calibration sample relative to thelight source, wherein one or more of a sensor in the sensor array can becalibrated based on a signal detected from the calibration sample.

In some cases, a spectrometer apparatus can comprise a light source; anaccessory configured to fix one or more of a position or an orientationof a pill shaped sample relative to the light source.

In some cases, a spectrometer apparatus can comprise a light source; anaccessory configured to fix one or more of a position or an orientationof a liquid sample relative to the light source.

Reference is now made to FIG. 1, which illustrates non-limitingconfigurations of the compact spectrometer system 100 herein disclosed.As illustrated the system comprises a diffuser 164, a filter matrix 170,a lens array 174 and a detector 190.

The spectrometer can have a size and weight such that the spectrometercan be held by a user with only one hand. The spectrometer can have asize and weight such that the spectrometer can be portable. Thespectrometer can have a weight of about 1 gram (g). For example, thespectrometer can have a weight within a range from about 1 g to about200 g.

The compact spectrometer 102 may have an optical resolution of less than10 nm, less than 5 nm, less than 4 nm, less than 3 nm, less than 2 nm,less than 1 nm, less than 0.5 nm, or less than 0.1 nm. The spectrometercan have an optical resolution that is between any of the two valuesgiven above. The spectrometer can have a temporal signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) of about 1000 for a single sensor reading (without averaging, atmaximum spectral resolution) for a wavelength of about 1000 nm, or anSNR of about 2500 for a wavelength of about 850 nm. The compactspectrometer, when configured to perform algorithmic processing orcorrection of measured spectral data, may be able to detect changes innormalized signals in the order of about 1×10⁻³ to about 1×10⁻⁴, orabout 5×10⁻⁴. The light source of the illumination module may beconfigured to have a stabilization time of less than 1 min, less than 1s, less than 1 ms, or about 0 s.

The spectrometer system can comprise a plurality of optical filters offilter matrix 170. The optical filter can be of any type known in theart. Non-limiting examples of suitable optical filters includeFabry-Perot (FP) resonators, cascaded FP resonators, and interferencefilters. For example, a narrow bandpass filter (≤10 nm) with a wideblocking range outside of the transmission band (at least 200 nm) can beused. The center wavelength (CWL) of the filter can vary with theincident angle of the light impinging upon it.

In some instances, the central wavelength of the central band can varyby 10 nm or more, such that the effective range of wavelengths passedwith the filter is greater than the bandwidth of the filter. In someinstances, the central wavelength varies by an amount greater than thebandwidth of the filter. For example, the bandpass filter can have abandwidth of no more than 10 nm and the wavelength of the central bandcan vary by more than 10 nm across the field of view of the sensor.

In some instances, the spectrometer system may comprise a detector 190,which may comprise an array of sensors. In some instances, the detectorcan be capable of detecting light in the wavelength range of interest.The compact spectrometer system disclosed herein can be used from the UVto the IR, depending on the nature of the spectrum being obtained andthe particular spectral properties of the sample being tested. In someinstances, a detector that is capable of measuring intensity as afunction of position (e.g. an array detector or a two-dimensional imagesensor) can be used.

In some cases the spectrometer does not comprise a cylindrical beamvolume hologram (CVBH).

In some cases, the spectrometer system can comprise a diffuser. When thelight emanating from the sample is not sufficiently diffuse, a diffusercan be placed in front of other elements of the spectrometer. Collimated(or partially collimated light) can impinge on the diffuser, which thenproduces diffuse light which then impinges on other aspects of thespectrometer, e.g. an optical filter.

In some instances, the spectrometer system can comprise a filter matrix.The filter matrix can comprise one or more filters, for example aplurality of filters. Depending on the number of sub-filters, thewavelength range accessible to the spectrometer can reach hundreds ofnanometers. In configurations comprising a plurality of sub-filters, theapproximate Fourier transforms formed at the image plane (i.e. one persub-filter) overlap, and the signal obtained at any particular pixel ofthe detector can result from a mixture of the different Fouriertransforms.

In some cases, the filter matrix can be arranged in a specific order toinhibit cross talk on the detector of light emerging from differentfilters and to minimize the effect of stray light. For example, if thematrix is composed of 3×4 filters then there are 2 filters located atthe interior of the matrix and 10 filters at the periphery of thematrix. The 2 filters at the interior can be selected to be those at theedges of the wavelength range. Without being bound by a particulartheory the selected inner filters may experience the most spatialcross-talk but be the least sensitive to cross-talk spectrally.

The spectrometer system can comprise a detector 190. The detector can besensitive to one or more of ultraviolet wavelengths of light, visiblewavelengths of light, or infrared wavelengths of light.

In many cases, the principle of operation of compact spectrometercomprises one or more of the following attributes. Light impinges uponthe diffuser. The light next impinges upon the filter matrix at a widerange of propagation angles and the spectrum of light passing throughthe sub-filters is angularly encoded. The angularly encoded light thenpasses through the lens array (e.g. Fourier transform focusing elements)which performs (approximately) a spatial Fourier transform of theangle-encoded light, transforming it into a spatially-encoded spectrum.Finally the light reaches the detector. The location of the detectorelement relative to the optical axis of a lens of the array correspondsto the wavelength of light, and the wavelength of light at a pixellocation can be determined based on the location of the pixel relativeto the optical axis of the lens of the array. The intensity of lightrecorded by the detector element such as a pixel as a function ofposition (e.g. pixel number or coordinate reference location) on thesensor corresponds to the resolved wavelengths of the light for thatposition.

In some cases, an additional filter can be placed in front of thecompact spectrometer system in order to block light outside of thespectral range of interest (i.e. to prevent unwanted light from reachingthe detector).

In instances in which the spectral range covered by the optical filtersis insufficient, additional sub-filters with differing CWLs can be used.

In some cases, one or more shutters can allow for the inclusion orexclusion of light from part of the system. For example shutters can beused to exclude particular sub-filters. Shutters may also be used toexclude individual lens.

In some instances, the measurement of the sample can be performed usingscattered ambient light.

In many instances, the spectrometer system can comprise a light source.The light source can be of any type (e.g. laser or light-emitting diode)known in the art appropriate for the spectral measurements to be made.In some cases the light source can emit light from 350 nm to 1100 nm.The wavelength(s) and intensity of the light source will depend on theparticular use to which the spectrometer will be put. In some cases, thelight source can emit light from 0.1 mW to 500 mW

Because of its small size and low complexity, the compact spectrometersystem herein disclosed can be integrated into a mobile communicationdevice such as a cellular telephone. It can either be enclosed withinthe device itself, or mounted on the device and connected to it by wiredor wireless means for providing power and a data link. By incorporatingthe spectrometer system into a mobile device, the spectra obtained canbe uploaded to a remote location, analysis can be performed there, andthe user notified of the results of the analysis. The spectrometersystem can also be equipped with a GPS device and/or altimeter so thatthe location of the sample being measured can be reported. Furthernon-limiting examples of such components include a camera for recordingthe visual impression of the sample and sensors for measuring suchenvironmental variables as temperature and humidity.

Because of its small size and low cost, the spectrometer system hereindisclosed can also be integrated into kitchen appliances such as ovens(e.g. microwave ovens), food processors, toilets refrigerators etc. Theuser can then make a determination of the safety of the ingredients inreal time during the course of food storage and preparation.

In many instances, the spectrometer can also include a power source(e.g. a battery or power supply). In some cases, the spectrometer can bepowered by a power supply from a consumer hand held device (e.g. a cellphone). In some cases, the spectrometer can have an independent powersupply. In some instances a power supply from the spectrometer cansupply power to a consumer hand held device.

In many instances, the spectrometer can comprise a processing andcontrol unit. In some cases, the spectrometer may not analyze the datacollected, and the spectrometer can relay data to a remote processingand control unit, such as a back end server. Alternatively or incombination, the spectrometer may partially analyze the data prior totransmission to the remote processing and control unit. The remoteprocessing and control unit can be coupled to the spectrometer with aconsumer hand held device (e.g. a cell phone). The remote processing andcontrol unit can be a cloud based system which can transmit analyzeddata or results to a user. In some cases, a hand held device can beconfigured to receive analyzed data and can be associated with thespectrometer. The association can be through a physical connection orwireless communication, for example.

The spectrometers as described herein can be adapted, with proper choiceof light source, detector, and associated optics, for a use with a widevariety of spectroscopic techniques. Non-limiting examples includeRaman, fluorescence, and IR or UV-VIS reflectance and absorbancespectroscopies. Because, as described above, compact spectrometer systemcan separate a Raman signal from a fluorescence signal, in some cases,the same spectrometer can be used for both spectroscopies.

In some instances the spectrometer system can come equipped with amemory with a database of spectral data stored therein and amicroprocessor with analysis software programmed with instructions. Insome cases, the spectrometer system can be in communication with acomputer memory having a database of spectral data stored therein and amicroprocessor with analysis software programmed in. The memory can bevolatile or non-volatile in order to store the user's own measurementsin the memory. The database and/or all or part of the analysis softwarecan stored remotely, and the spectrometer system can communicate withthe remote memory via a network (e.g. a wireless network) by anyappropriate method. Alternatively, the database of spectral data can beprovided with a computer located near the spectrometer, for example inthe same room.

In some instances in which the database is located remotely, the database can be updated often at regular intervals, for examplecontinuously. In these instances, each measurement made by a user of thespectrometer can increase the quality and reliability of futuremeasurements made by any user.

Once a spectrum is then obtained it can be analyzed. In some cases, theanalysis may not be contemporaneous. In some cases the analysis canoccur in real time. The spectrum can be analyzed using any appropriateanalysis method. Non-limiting examples of spectral analysis techniquesthat can be used include Principal Components Analysis, Partial LeastSquares analysis, and the use of a neural network algorithm to determinethe spectral components.

An analyzed spectrum can determine whether a complex mixture beinginvestigated contains a spectrum associated with components. Thecomponents can be, e.g., a substance, mixture of substances, ormicroorganisms.

The intensity of these components in the spectrum can be used todetermine whether a component is at a certain concentration, e.g.whether their concentration of an undesirable component is high enoughto be of concern. Non-limiting examples of such substances includetoxins, decomposition products, or harmful microorganisms. In someinstances, if it is deemed likely that the sample is not fit forconsumption, the user can be provided with a warning.

In some instances, the spectrometer can be connected to a communicationnetwork that allows users to share the information obtained in aparticular measurement. An updatable database located in the “cloud”(i.e. the distributed network) constantly receives the results ofmeasurements made by individual users and updates itself in real time,thus enabling each successive measurement to be made with greateraccuracy and confidence as well as expanding the number of substancesfor which a spectral signature is available.

In various instances, the conversion of the raw intensity data to aspectrum may be performed either locally (with a processor and softwaresupplied with the spectrometer system) or remotely. Heavier calculationsfor more complicated analyses for example can be performed remotely.

In instances that incorporate remote data analysis, the data transferredto the remote system may include one or more of raw detector data;pre-processed detector data or post-processed detector data in which theprocessing was performed locally; or the spectrum derived from the rawdetector data.

In some cases, the spectrometer may not comprise a monochromator.

In some instances, the following signal processing scheme can be used.First, an image or a series of images can be captured by the imagesensor in the spectrometer mentioned above. The images can be analyzedby a local processing unit. This stage of analysis may include any orall of image averaging, compensation for aberrations of the opticalunit, reduction of detector noise by use of a noise reduction algorithm,or conversion of the image into a raw spectrum. The raw spectrum is thentransmitted to a remote processing unit; in some cases, the transmissioncan be performed using wireless communication.

The raw spectrum can be analyzed remotely. Noise reduction can beperformed remotely.

In instances in which a Raman spectrum is obtained, the Raman signal canbe separated from any fluorescence signal. Both Raman and fluorescencespectra can be compared to existing calibration spectra. After acalibration is performed, the spectra can be analyzed using anyappropriate algorithm for spectral decomposition; non-limiting examplesof such algorithms include Principal Components Analysis, PartialLeast-Squares analysis, and spectral analysis using a neural networkalgorithm. This analysis provides the information needed to characterizethe sample that was tested using the spectrometer. The results of theanalysis are then presented to the user.

FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of a spectrometer system according toconfigurations. In many cases, the spectrometer system 100 can comprisea spectrometer 102 and a consumer hand held device 110 in wirelesscommunication 116 with a cloud based storage system 118. Thespectrometer 102 can acquire the data as described herein. The hand heldspectrometer 102 may comprise a processor 106 and communicationcircuitry 104 coupled to spectrometer head 120 having spectrometercomponents as described herein. The spectrometer can transmit the datato the handheld device 110 with communication circuitry 104 with acommunication link, such as a wireless serial communication link, forexample Bluetooth™. The hand held device can receive the data from thespectrometer 102 and transmit the data to a back end server of the cloudbased storage system 118.

The hand held device 110 may comprise one or more components of a smartphone, such as a display 112, an interface 114, a processor, a computerreadable memory and communication circuitry. The device 110 may comprisea substantially stationary device when used, such as a wirelesscommunication gateway, for example.

The processor 106 may comprise a tangible medium embodying instructions,such as a computer readable memory embodying instructions of a computerprogram. Alternatively or in combination the processor may compriselogic such as gate array logic in order to perform one or more logicsteps.

FIG. 3 shows a schematic diagram of spectrometer head in accordance withconfigurations. In many instances, the spectrometer 102 can comprise aspectrometer head 120. The spectrometer head comprises one or more of aspectrometer module 160, a temperature sensor module 130, and anillumination module 140. Each module, when present, can be covered witha module window. For example, the spectrometer module 160 can comprise aspectrometer window 162, the temperature sensor module 130 can comprisea temperature sensor window 132, and the illumination module 140 cancomprise an illumination window 142.

In many instances, the illumination module and the spectrometer moduleare configured to have overlapping fields of view at the sample. Theoverlapping fields of view can be provided in one or more of many ways.For example, the optical axes of the illumination source, thetemperature sensor and the matrix array can extend in a substantiallyparallel configuration. Alternatively, one or more of the optical axescan be oriented toward another optical axis of another module.

FIG. 4 shows a schematic drawing of cross-section A of the spectrometerhead of FIG. 3, in accordance with configurations. In order to lessenthe noise and/or spectral shift produced from fluctuations intemperature, a spectrometer head 102 comprising temperature sensormodule 130 can be used to measure and record the temperature during themeasurement. In some instances, the temperature sensor element canmeasure the temperature of the sample in response to infrared radiationemitted from the sample, and transmit the temperature measurement to aprocessor. Accurate and/or precise temperature measurement can be usedto standardize or modify the spectrum produced. For example, differentspectra of a given sample can be measured based on the temperature atwhich the spectrum was taken. In some cases, a spectrum can be storedwith metadata relating to the temperature at which the spectrum wasmeasure. In many instances, the temperature sensor module 130 comprisesa temperature sensor window 132. The temperature sensor can comprise afield of view (herein after “FoV”) limiter. In many instances, thetemperature sensor has a field of view oriented to overlap with a fieldof view of the detector and a field of view of an illuminator. Forexample, the field of view can be limited by an aperture formed in amaterial supporting the window 132 of temperature sensor module and thedimensions of the temperature sensor 134. In some cases, the temperaturesensor module can have a limited field of view and comprise a heatconductive metal cage disposed on a flex printed circuit board (PCB)136. The PCB 136 can be mounted on a stiffener 138 in order to inhibitmovement relative to the other modules on the sensor head. In somecases, the flexible circuit board can be backed by stiffener 138comprising a metal. The temperature sensor 134 can be a remotetemperature sensor

In many instances, the spectrometer head can comprise illuminationmodule 140. The illumination module can illuminate a sample with light.In some cases, the illumination module can comprise an illuminationwindow 142. The illumination window can seal the illumination module.The illumination window can be substantially transmissive to the lightproduced in the illumination module. For example, the illuminationwindow can comprise glass. The illumination module can comprise a lightsource 148. In some cases, the light source can comprise one or morelight emitting diodes (LED). In some cases, the light source cancomprise a blue LED. In some instances, the light source comprises a redor green LED or an infrared LED.

The light source 148 can be mounted on a mounting fixture 150. In somecases, the mounting fixture comprises a ceramic package. For example,the light fixture can be a flip-chip LED die mounted on a ceramicpackage. The mounting fixture 150 can be attached to a flexible printedcircuit board (PCB) 152 which can optionally be mounted on a stiffener154 to reduce movement of the illumination module. The flex PCB of theillumination module and the PCT of temperature sensor modules maycomprise different portions of the same flex PCB, which may alsocomprise portions of spectrometer PCB.

The wavelength of the light produced by the light source 148 can beshifted by a plate 146. Plate 146 can be a wavelength shifting plate. Insome cases, plate 146 comprises phosphor embedded in glass.Alternatively or in combination, plate 146 can comprise a nano-crystal,a quantum dot, or combinations thereof. The plate can absorb light fromthe light source and release light having a frequency lower than thefrequency of the absorbed light. In some instances, a light source canproduce visible light, and plate 146 absorbs the light and emits nearinfrared light. In some cases, the light source can be in closeproximity to or directly touches the plate 146.

The illumination module can further comprise a light concentrator suchas a parabolic concentrator 144 or a condenser lens in order toconcentrate the light. In some instances, the parabolic concentrator 144is a reflector. In some instances, the parabolic concentrator 144comprises stainless steel. In some cases, the parabolic concentrator 144comprises gold-plated stainless steel. In some cases, the concentratorcan concentrate light to a cone. For example, the light can beconcentrated to a cone with a field of view of about 30-45, 25-50, or20-55 degrees.

In some cases, the illumination module can be configured to transmitlight and the spectrometer module can be configured to receive lightalong optical paths extending substantially perpendicular to an entranceface of the spectrometer head. In some instances, the modules can beconfigured to such that light can be transmitted from one module to anobject (such as a sample 108) and reflected or scattered to anothermodule which receives the light.

In some instances, the optical axes of the illumination module and thespectrometer module can be configured to be non-parallel such that theoptical axis representing the spectrometer module is at an offset angleto the optical axis of the illumination module. FIG. 5 shows a schematicdrawing of cross-section B of the spectrometer head of FIGS. 3 and 4, inaccordance with configurations. In many instances, the spectrometer head102 can comprise a spectrometer module 160. The spectrometer module canbe sealed by a spectrometer window 162. In some cases, the spectrometerwindow 162 can be selectively transmissive to light with respect to thewavelength in order to analyze the spectral sample. For example,spectrometer window 162 can be an IR-pass filter. In some cases, thewindow 162 can be glass. The spectrometer module can comprise one ormore diffusers. For example, the spectrometer module can comprise afirst diffuser 164 disposed below the spectrometer window 162. The firstdiffuser 164 can distribute the incoming light. For example, the firstdiffuser can be a cosine diffuser. Optionally, the spectrometer modulecomprises a light filter 188. Light filter 188 can be a thick IR-passfilter. For example, filter 188 can absorb light below a thresholdwavelength. In some cases, filter 188 absorbs light with a wavelengthbelow about 1000, 950, 900, 850, 800, 750, 700, 650, or 600 nm. In someinstances, the spectrometer module can comprise a second diffuser 166.The second diffuser can generate Lambertian light distribution at theinput of the filter matrix 170. The filter assembly can be sealed by aglass plate 168. Alternatively or in combination, the filter assemblycan be further supported a filter frame 182, which can attach the filterassembly to the spectrometer housing 180. The spectrometer housing 180can hold the spectrometer window 162 in place and further providemechanical stability to the module.

The first filter and the second filter can be arranged in one or more ofmany ways to provide a substantially uniform light distribution to thefilters. The substantially uniform light distribution can be uniformwith respect to an average energy to within about 25%, for example towithin about 10%, for example. In some cases, the first diffuser candistribute the incident light energy spatially on the second diffuserwith a substantially uniform energy distribution profile. In someinstances, the first diffuser can make the light substantiallyhomogenous with respect to angular distribution. The second diffuserfurther diffuses the light energy of the substantially uniform energydistribution profile to a substantially uniform angular distributionprofile, such that the light transmitted to each filter can besubstantially homogenous both with respect to the spatial distributionprofile and the angular distribution profile of the light energyincident on each filter. For example, the angular distribution profileof light energy onto each filter can be uniform to within about +/−25%,for example substantially uniform to within about +/−10%.

In many instances, the spectrometer module can comprise a filter matrix170. The filter matrix can comprise one or more filters. In manyinstances, the filter matrix can comprise a plurality of filters. Insome instances, each filter of the filter matrix 170 can be configuredto transmit a range of wavelengths distributed about a centralwavelength. The range of wavelengths can be defined as a full width halfmaximum (hereinafter “FWHM”) of the distribution of transmittedwavelengths for a light beam transmitted substantially normal to thesurface of the filter as will be understood by a person of ordinaryskill in the art. A wavelength range can be defined by a centralwavelength and by a spectral width. The central wavelength can be themean wavelength of light transmitted through the filter, and the bandspectral width of a filter can be the difference between the maximum andthe minimum wavelength of light transmitted through the filter. Forexample, a filter can have a central wavelength of 300 nm and awavelength range of 20 nm which would transmit light having a wavelengthfrom 290 to 310 nm, and the filter would substantially not transmitlight below 290 nm or above 310 nm. In some cases, each filter of theplurality of filters is configured to transmit a range of wavelengthsdifferent from other filters of the plurality. In some cases, the rangeof wavelengths can overlap with ranges of said other filters of theplurality and wherein said each filter comprises a central wavelengthdifferent from said other filters of the plurality.

In many instances, the filter array can comprise a substrate having athickness and a first side and a second side, the first side can beoriented toward the diffuser, the second side can be oriented toward thelens array. In some cases, each filter of the filter array can comprisea substrate having a thickness and a first side and a second side, thefirst side oriented toward the diffuser, the second side oriented towardthe lens array. The filter array can comprise one or more coatings onthe first side, on the second side, or a combination thereof. Eachfilter of the filter array can comprise one or more coatings on thefirst side, on the second side, or a combination thereof. In some cases,each filter of the filter array can comprise one or more coatings on thesecond side, oriented toward the lens array. In some instances, eachfilter of the filter array can comprise one or more coatings on thesecond side, oriented toward the lens array and on the first side,oriented toward the diffuser. The one or more coatings on the secondside can be an optical filter. For example, the one or more coatings canpermit a wavelength range to selectively pass through the filter.Alternatively or in combination, the one or more coatings can be used toinhibit cross-talk among lenses of the array. In some instances, theplurality of coatings on the second side can comprise a plurality ofinterference filters, said each of the plurality of interference filterson the second side configured to transmit a central wavelength of lightto one lens of the plurality of lenses. In some cases, the filter arraycan comprise one or more coatings on the first side of the filter array.The one or more coatings on the first side of the array can comprise acoating to balance mechanical stress. In some instances, the one or morecoatings on the first side of the filter array can comprise an opticalfilter. For example, the optical filter on the first side of the filterarray can comprise an IR pass filter to selectively pass infrared light.In many cases, the first side may not comprise a bandpass interferencefilter coating. In some cases, the first side may not comprise acoating.

In many instances, the array of filters may comprise a plurality ofbandpass interference filters on the second side of the array. Theplacement of the fine frequency resolving filters on the second sideoriented toward the lens array and apertures can inhibit cross-talkamong the filters and related noise among the filters. In many cases,the array of filters can comprise a plurality of bandpass interferencefilters on the second side of the array, and may not comprise a bandpassinterference filter on the first side of the array.

In many instances, each filter can defines an optical channel of thespectrometer. The optical channel can extend from the filer through anaperture and a lens of the array to a region of the sensor array. Theplurality of parallel optical channels can provide increased resolutionwith decreased optical path length.

The spectrometer module can comprise an aperture array 172. The aperturearray can prevent cross talk between the filters. The aperture arraycomprises a plurality of apertures formed in a non-opticallytransmissive material. In some cases, the plurality of apertures can bedimensioned to define a clear lens aperture of each lens of the array,wherein the clear lens aperture of each lens is limited to one filter ofthe array. In some cases, the clear lens aperture of each lens can belimited to one filter of the array.

In many instances the spectrometer module comprises a lens array 174.The lens array can comprise a plurality of lenses. The number of lensescan be determined such that each filter of the filter array correspondsto a lens of the lens array. Alternatively or in combination, the numberof lenses can be determined such that each channel through the supportarray corresponds to a lens of the lens array. Alternatively or incombination, the number of lenses can be selected such that each regionof the plurality of regions of the image sensor corresponds to anoptical channel and corresponding lens of the lens array and filter ofthe filter array.

In many instances, each lens of the lens array comprises one or moreaspheric surfaces, such that each lens of the lens array comprises anaspherical lens. In many cases, each lens of the lens array can comprisetwo aspheric surfaces. Alternatively or in combination, one or moreindividual lens of the lens array can have two curved optical surfaceswherein both optical surfaces are substantially convex. Alternatively orin combination, the lenses of the lens array may comprise one or morediffractive optical surfaces.

In many instances, the spectrometer module can comprise a support array176. The support array 176 can comprise a plurality of channels 177defined with a plurality of support structures 179 such asinterconnecting annuli. The plurality of channels 177 may define opticalchannels of the spectrometer. The support structures 179 can comprisesstiffness to add rigidity to the support array 176. The support arraymay comprise a stopper to limit movement and fix the position the lensarray in relation to the sensor array. The support array 176 can beconfigured to support the lens array 174 and fix the distance from thelens array to the sensor array in order to fix the distance between thelens array and the sensor array at the focal length of the lenses of thelens array. In many cases, the lenses of the array can comprisesubstantially the same focal length such that the lens array and thesensor array are arranged in a substantially parallel configuration.

The support array 176 can extend between the lens array 174 and thestopper mounting 178. The support array 176 can serve one or morepurposes, such as 1) providing the correct separation distance betweeneach lens of lens array 170 and each region of the plurality of regionsof the image sensor 190, and/or 2) preventing stray light from enteringor exiting each channel, for example. In some cases, the height of eachsupport in support array 176 can be calibrated to the focal length ofthe lens within lens array 174 that it supports. In some cases, thesupport array 176 can be constructed from a material that does notpermit light to pass such as substantially opaque plastic. In somecases, support array 176 can be black, or comprises a black coating tofurther reduce cross talk between channels. The spectrometer module canfurther comprise a stopper mounting 178 to support the support array. Inmany instances, the support array can comprise an absorbing and/ordiffusive material to reduce stray light, for example.

In many instances, the support array 176 can comprise a plurality ofchannels having the optical channels of the filters and lenses extendingtherethrough. In some cases, the support array comprise a single pieceof material extending from the lens array to the detector (i.e. CCD orCMOS array).

In some cases, the spectrometer module can comprise an image sensor 190.The image sensor can be a light detector. For example, the image sensorcan be a CCD or 2D CMOS or other sensor, for example. The detector cancomprise a plurality of regions, each region of said plurality ofregions comprising multiple sensors. For example, a detector can be madeup of multiple regions, wherein each region is a set of pixels of a 2DCMOS. The detector, or image sensor 190, can be positioned such thateach region of the plurality of regions is directly beneath a differentchannel of support array 176. In many instances, an isolated light pathis established from a single of filter of filter array 170 to a singleaperture of aperture array 172 to a single lens of lens array 174 to asingle stopper channel of support array 176 to a single region of theplurality of regions of image sensor 190. Similarly, a parallel lightpath can be established for each filter of the filter array 170, suchthat there are an equal number of parallel (non-intersecting) lightpaths as there are filters in filter array 170.

The image sensor 190 can be mounted on a flexible printed circuit board(PCB) 184. The PCB 184 can be attached to a stiffener 186. In somecases, the stiffener can comprise a metal stiffener to prevent motion ofthe spectrometer module relative to the spectrometer head 120.

FIG. 6 shows an isometric view of a spectrometer module 160 inaccordance with configurations. The spectrometer module 160 comprisesmany components as described herein. In many instances, the supportarray 176 can be positioned on a package on top of the sensor. In manyinstances, the support array can be positioned over the top of the baredie of the sensor array such that an air gap is present. The air gap canbe less than 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 micrometer(s).

FIG. 7 shows the lens array 174 within the spectrometer module 160, inaccordance with configurations. This isometric view shows the apertures194 formed in a non-transmissive material of the aperture array 172 inaccordance with configurations. In many cases, each channel of thesupport array 176 is aligned with a filter of the filter array 170, alens of the lens array 174, and an aperture 194 of the aperture array inorder to form a plurality of light paths with inhibited cross talk.

FIG. 8 shows a spectrometer 102 in accordance with configurations. Thespectrometer can comprise an optical head which can comprise aspectrometer module 160. The spectrometer can further comprise atemperature sensor module. In many cases, the spectrometer can comprisean illumination module. In many cases, the spectrometer can compriselight emitting diodes 196 distinct from an illumination module. Thespectrometer can also comprise further components such as a Bluetooth™module to communicate data to another device, a spectrometer processor106, a power supply, or combinations thereof.

The spectrometer as described herein can be combined with a protectivecover comprising a sheath. FIGS. 9A and 9B show perspective views of aspectrometer 102 as described herein placed in a protective sheath orcover 901 and coupled to a removable accessory 909 such as container903, in accordance with configurations. In many cases, the cover 901 cancomprise a protective sheath sized to receive the spectrometer. Thecover can comprise a cover configured to fit over an end of thespectrometer or a cover configured to fit over more than an end of thespectrometer. The spectrometer can be removed from the sheath cover andplaced in the sheath cover with an appropriate orientation to measuresamples or calibrate the spectrometer. In many cases, the cover can havean open end and a closed end. In many instances, the spectrometer cancomprise a protective housing sized to fit within the protective sheath.The spectrometer comprising the housing can be placed in the coversheath with the optics of the spectrometer head directed toward theclosed end of the cover sheath in order to calibrate the spectrometer.The cover may comprise a reflective calibration material to couple tothe light source and the sensor array of the spectrometer, in order toreflect light from a calibration material to the sensor array in arepeatable manner. The reflective material may be a diffusive reflectivematerial. The cover can be removable from the spectrometer. To measure asample, the spectrometer can be placed in the cover 901 such that thespectrometer head faces the open end of the cover. In some cases, thecover can be configured to be removed and/or replaced by a user. Thecover can provide a protective covering for the spectrometer duringstorage and use. In many instances, the cover can comprise a referencematerial for calibration of the spectrometer. The cover can additionallycouple to an accessory 909 to provide a controlled measurementenvironment for conducting measurements of a sample.

FIG. 9C shows a schematic diagram of a spectrometer 102 placed within acover 901 in a measurement configuration or orientation 910. The cover901 may comprise a closed end 901 a and an open end 901 b. Thespectrometer 102 may comprise a spectrometer head or optical module 120as described herein. In the measurement configuration, the spectrometermay be placed in the cover such that the optical module is adjacent tothe open end of the cover. In the measurement configuration, thespectrometer may be used to measure a sample 108 placed adjacent theoptical module. The sample may be measured while the sample is placed ata measurement distance 912 between the optical head and the samplesurface. In some configurations, the measurement distance 912 may be apredetermined measurement distance. For example, as described in furtherdetail herein, the sample may be placed in a sample container configuredto couple to the spectrometer and/or the cover such that the sample isplaced at a predetermined measurement distance from the optical moduleof the spectrometer.

FIG. 9D shows a schematic diagram of a spectrometer 102 placed within acover 901 in a calibration configuration or orientation 920. The cover901 may comprise a closed end 901 a and an open end 901 b, wherein thecover 901 may comprise a reference material or calibration material 924disposed near the closed end, as described in further detail elsewhereherein. In the calibration configuration, the spectrometer may be placedin the cover such that the optical module 120 of the spectrometer isadjacent to the closed end 901 b of the cover, and facing thecalibration material 924. In the calibration configuration, thespectrometer may be calibrated by measuring the calibration material.The calibration material may be placed at a predetermined calibrationdistance 922 between the optical module and the calibration material.For example, as described in further detail herein, the cover maycomprise a base 926 configured to couple to the optical module of thespectrometer and place the optical module at a fixed calibrationdistance 922 from the calibration material.

In some cases, the spectrometer can be placed in a cover or sheath 901.The sheath can be made from a light weight material. The sheath can bemade from a polymer, metal, or composite material. The cover or sheathcan be sized and shaped such that the sheath does not add significantbulk to the volume of the spectrometer. The spectrometer can have a snugfit when placed in the spectrometer.

In many instances the accessory 909 may comprise a light source. Thelight source may be oriented such that a sample placed in the accessoryis between the light source in the accessory and the optical head of thespectrometer. In some cases, the accessory may be configured to transmitlight energy through a sample. The light energy that is transmittedthrough the sample may be detected by the optical head of thespectrometer. The light source in the accessory can be powered by apower source or power storage device in the accessory. In some cases,the light source in the accessory can be powered by a power source orpower storage device in the spectrometer. The accessory can comprise oneor more electrical contacts configured to contact one or more electricalcontacts on the spectrometer. When the one or more electrical contactson the accessory contact the one or more electrical contacts on thespectrometer, energy can be transferred from the power source or powerstorage device in the spectrometer to the light source in the accessory.In some instances the light source in the accessory can receive lightfrom the light source in the spectrometer by a fiber optic transmissionline. In some instances the accessory can further comprise a temperaturesensor. The temperature sensor can measure temperature in the accessoryand the measured temperature can be used in interpretation ofspectrometer measurements of a sample placed in the accessory.

The accessory 909 can comprise a hollow region or cavity. The cavity canbe a sample container 903. The sample container can be exposed to thespectrometer light source when the accessory is coupled to thespectrometer. Ambient light may not be permitted to enter the cavitywhen the accessory is coupled to the spectrometer. The sample containercan comprise a non-optically transmissive material having a channel 930formed therein to receive light energy from the spectrometer lightsource. The sample container can have walls that are coated with amaterial that does not reflect light energy. In some cases, the samplecontainer can comprise at least one surface with a highly reflectivecoating. Alternatively or in combination, the sample container can havewalls coated with a black coloring or coating. The black coloring orcoating may not reflect light energy or may reflect a substantiallysmall percentage of light energy.

At least one inner surface of the sample container 903 can be coveredwith or contain an optically reflective surface or entity. The opticallyreflective surface or entity can comprise a first reflective materialhaving predetermined optical properties. The sample container cantransmit reflected light, for example reflected light off the reflectivesurface or entity, or first reflective material, to the spectrometersensor. The sample container can inhibit or prevent interference fromambient light. In many instances, ambient light can be light outside ofthe sample container. In some cases, the first reflective material canbe a reflective material with a size and shape configured to fit withina recess formed in the sample container. The reflective material canhave known optical properties. For example, an optical property that canbe known for the reflective material can be reflectivity, absorptivity,and/or transmissivity. The known optical properties of the reflectivematerial can be constant with respect to one or more environmentalproperties, for example, temperature, humidity, and/or pressure. Theknown optical properties of the reflective material can be constant withrespect to the properties of light incident on the reflective material.In many instances, properties of the light incident on the reflectivematerial can include wavelength, intensity, and/or frequency. In somecases, the sample container can comprise a second reflective material onan inner side wall of the channel to reflect light energy from thespectrometer light source toward the first reflective material, and fromthe first reflective material toward the spectrometer sensor array. Thesecond reflective material can have a size and shape such that it isconfigured to fit along a side wall of the sample container channel. Thesecond reflective material can have known optical properties.

The spectrometer can further comprise a support to engage the accessory909 or the cover 901 and place the reflective material of the samplecontainer 903 at a predetermined distance from the spectrometer lightsource and sensor array. The predetermined distance can be a fixed orvariable distance. The accessory can comprise an engagement structure toengage the support on the spectrometer. The support can be shaped toreceive, couple to, and/or mate with the engagement structure of theaccessory. The engagement structure can be removably coupled to thesupport. The accessory can be attached to the spectrometer when thesupport and engagement structure are positively mated or coupled. Theengagement structure can permit placement and removal of the accessoryon the spectrometer. The engagement structure can couple the accessoryto the spectrometer such that ambient light cannot enter the container.In some cases, the engagement structure can comprise one or more of aprotrusion, a rim, a flange, a recess, or a magnet. The support cancomprise one or more of a protrusion, a rim, a flange, a recess, or amagnet configured to engage a corresponding portion of the engagementstructure. In some cases, a locking mechanism can further couple thespectrometer and the cover. A user can release the locking mechanism toremove the accessory from the spectrometer. In many instances, a lockingmechanism can be a pin and tumbler locking mechanism.

Additionally, an accessory 909 comprising a sample container 903 can becoupled to the spectrometer 102 as described herein. In some cases, thesample container 903 and the cover 901 can couple to the spectrometerinterchangeably. Alternatively, the sample container and the cover cancouple to the spectrometer simultaneously. The spectrometer 102, thecover 901, and the sample container 903 are shown in FIG. 9A and FIG.9B. FIG. 9A shows the spectrometer 102 inside of the container of thecover 901, with a sample container 903. The sample container 903 cancontain a material to be measured by the spectrometer. As shown in FIGS.9A and 9B the spectrometer is placed in the cover with the spectrometerhead facing outward. These configurations can be used to collect samplemeasurements. In alternate configurations, the spectrometer can beflipped such that the spectrometer head faces into the cover, whereinthis configuration can be used during calibration.

In many cases, the container of the cover 901 comprises a sheath coverthat can be configured to receive the spectrometer 102 contained withinthe housing as described herein. The cover 901 may comprise one or moreopenings 906 through which one or more structural features of thespectrometer can be accessed. In some cases, a protrusion 907 on thespectrometer 102 may be accessed through the one or more openings 906.The protrusion 907 can comprise a raised bump, raised line, a groove, adepression, a textured surface, a nub, and/or a raised structuralfeature that can be gripped by a user's hand and/or finger. A user maypush the spectrometer 102 out of the container 902 by pushing and/orpulling on the protrusion 907 to apply a shear force to thespectrometer. The sheath cover may comprise an open end sized to receivethe spectrometer and housing and a closed end opposite the open end. Thespectrometer can be received in the sheath cover with the spectrometeroptics head oriented toward the closed end, such that the spectrometerand sheath comprise a calibration configuration. Alternatively, thespectrometer can be received in the sheath cover with the spectrometeroptics head oriented toward the open end, such that the spectrometer andsheath comprise a measurement configuration. The calibration materialcan be located closer to the closed end than the open end in order tocalibrate the spectrometer.

The sheath or cover may comprise a structure having an open end, aclosed end, and an interior sized to receive the spectrometer, and oneor more engagement structures to receive the spectrometer in a firstorientation with spectrometer optics oriented toward the closed end anda second orientation with the spectrometer optics oriented toward theopen end.

The sample container 903 (e.g. accessory 909) can provide a controlledenvironment for measurement of a sample material by the spectrometer.The sample container can be removably attached to the spectrometer. Inmany cases, a user can measure properties of a sample material byplacing the material in the sample container, attaching the samplecontainer to the spectrometer and using the spectrometer to measure thematerial in the sample container. The sample container can place thematerial at a known distance from the spectrometer light source. Whenattached to the spectrometer, the sample container can inhibit noisesignals from ambient light sources. Ambient light sources can be anylight sources that do not originate from the light source of thespectrometer.

In many instances, the calibration material can be spaced apart from theoptics head with a calibration distance in the calibration orientationand wherein the sample container is sized and shaped to place the samplespaced apart from the optics head with a measurement distance in themeasurement orientation similar to the calibration distance to withinabout 100%.

In many cases, the sample container and the spectrometer can comprisemating or coupling attachment structural features. The sample containercan be mounted on the optical head side of the spectrometer. In manycases, the coupling attachment structural features can be complementarystructural features on the sample container and the spectrometer. Thecomplimentary structural features can comprise one or more of aprotrusion, a rim, a flange, a recess, or a magnet configured to couplethe sample container to the spectrometer. FIG. 9B shows a samplecontainer 903 configured to fit over a stepped protrusion 904 on aspectrometer 102. Alternatively, FIG. 9B also shows a sample container903 configured to couple to a flush surface 905 of the spectrometer 102.

The sample container and/or the cover can comprise asymmetric matingstructural features such that the sample container can connect to thespectrometer only in a preferred orientation. In many instances,asymmetric mating structural features can be grooves, channels, pins, orother shape factors provided on either or both of the container and/orcover and the spectrometer. The asymmetric mating structural featurescan prevent the sample container from connecting to the spectrometer inat least one orientation. The asymmetric structural features can forcethe sample container to be mounted on the spectrometer such that asample in the sample container is in a known location relative to thespectrometer. The known location can be a known location relative to thelight source in the spectrometer. In some instances, the known locationrelative to the light source in the spectrometer is a horizontal orvertical distance. In some cases, the known location relative to thelight source in the spectrometer is an angular orientation in relationto the light source and the sensor array.

FIG. 10 shows and exploded view of the spectrometer 102. Thespectrometer shown in FIG. 10 can be placed in the cover as describedherein. The spectrometer can be enclosed by a set of housing pieces. Thehousing pieces can be connected by one or more screws or fasteners 1111.The housing pieces can include a head housing 180, a tail housing 1001,a top housing 1002, and a bottom housing 1003. The housing pieces can beremovably connected. In some cases, the housing pieces can snap or slideopen or apart to open and provide access to an interior region enclosedby the housing pieces. In some instances the housing pieces can beopened to provide access to a battery 1004. The battery can be arechargeable or replaceable battery. In the case of a rechargeablebattery, the battery can be removed from the housing for recharging orthe spectrometer can comprise charging contact to charge the batterywhile the battery is in the device. The charging contact can provide anelectrical connection between the battery and an exterior surface of thehousing. The battery 1004 can be a power source for the spectrometercomponents, for example, the battery can power the light source can oneor more processors on-board the spectrometer configured to performmeasurements. The battery can be fixed in the housing by an adhesive,for example battery tape 1010. An operating button 1006 can allow a userto control battery power to one or more components in the spectrometer.In some cases, a user can power a spectrometer on and off bymanipulating the operating button. An operating button can be acompressible button, switch, or touchscreen (e.g. capacitive screen). Inmany instances, a user can push the operating button 1006 to complete anelectrical circuit such that the circuit is closed when a user pushesthe button and the battery 1004 provides power to one or more componentsin the spectrometer. The user can push the button 1006 again to open thecircuit and prevent the battery 1004 from providing power to one or morecomponents in the spectrometer. In some cases, the operating button 1006can be pressed in a predetermined sequence to program one or morefeatures of the spectrometer. The button 1006 can be accessible throughan opening on one or more of the housing pieces, for example, the button1006 can be accessible through the top housing 1002. The battery 1004can be connected to a battery indicator 1007. The battery indicator 1007can be configured to sense the voltage of the battery 1004. The batteryindicator can communicate the health (e.g. remaining charge) of thebattery to a user. In many instances, the battery indicator 1007 can bean LED. The battery indicator can be visible by extruding through ahousing piece or through a window on a housing piece. In many instances,the battery indicator can be visible through the tail housing 1001. Insome cases the battery indicator can be an LED that is red and/orflashing when the battery has a low charge.

The battery 1004 can provide power to the spectrometer head 120 whichcan also be referred to as the optical module. The optical module 120can be in communication with a PCB 184. The optical module 120 can beconnected to a heat sink 1008. The heat sink 1008 can be a thermallyconductive material configured to remove heat from either or both of theoptical module 120 and the PCB 184. In some cases, the heat sink 1008can comprise heating fins. The optical module can be covered by the headhousing 180. The head housing can comprise one or more windows such thatoptical components of the optical module can be exposed to the exteriorof the housing.

The spectrometer can comprise a measurement portion and a handle portionto direct the measurement portion toward a sample. The handle portioncan be sized and configured for handling by a user with one hand. Thespectrometer can comprise the support configured to couple to theengagement structure on the cover. The measurement portion can comprisethe support. The handle portion can comprise a support sized and shapedto receive the cover. The cover can be coupled to either or both of themeasurement portion or the handle portion. The support can comprise ahousing to enclose the light source and the sensor array. Thespectrometer can have a window to receive light from a sample. Thesupport and the cover can be configured to place a reflective materialat a predetermined distance from the window with a gap extending betweenthe reflective material and the window.

The head and tail housing can comprise one or more magnets 1009. Themagnets can be exposed to the outer surface of the housing or themagnets can be imbedded in the housing such that they are not exposed onthe outer surface. The magnets can be configured to mate with, attract,or couple to magnets or magnetic materials provided on the cover and/orthe sample container. The magnets can be the support on the spectrometerconfigured to couple to the engagement structure on the cover. Theengagement structure can comprise a cover magnetic material configuredto couple to the support magnetic material. In some cases, theengagement structure and the support can comprise correspondingasymmetric engagement structures to position the cover at apredetermined position and angular orientation with respect to the lightsource and the sensor array. In many cases, the polarity of the magnetscan be an asymmetric engagements structure when the polarity is chosensuch that some orientations of the cover and spectrometer are permittedwhile other configurations are prevented.

FIG. 11 shows an exploded view of the cover 901. The cover can have abody 1101 and a base 1102. The base 1102 can house the reflectivematerial 1103. In a full assembly (e.g. not exploded) the base 1102 canbe placed into the body 1101. An approximate location of the base in thefull assembly is shown by the dotted line 1107. The reflective materialcan be adhered to an inner surface of the cover with an adhesive 1105.The adhesive 1105 can be a compressible adhesive, for example, a foam.The base can house the reflective material 1103 in a reflector box 1106embedded in the base. In some instances, the reflector box can haveinner walls covered or coated with a reflective layer. The reflectivelayer material can be metallic, for example gold. The reflective layercan be a diffuse reflector. The reflective layer can be a specularreflector. The reflective layer coating the inner walls can act as amirror such that the reflective material 1103 appears infinite to anincident light source. The infinite appearance of the reflectivematerial 1103 can reduce or eliminate contamination from materials otherthan the reflective material 1103. The reflective material 1103 can havea substantially constant reflectivity. The substantially constantreflectivity can be known. The substantially constant reflectivity canbe fixed to within about 1% for a constant wavelength light source. Insome cases, the substantially constant reflectivity can be fixed towithin about 1% for a range of wavelengths. The range of wavelengths canbe a range of at least 400 nm. Alternatively, the substantially constantreflectivity can be variable for a range of wavelengths. Thesubstantially constant reflectivity can vary no more than about 10% overa range of wavelengths of at least about 400 nm. The variability of thereflectivity as a function of wavelength can be known.

The base 1102 can further comprise one or more engagement structuralfeatures configured to couple or mate to a supports on the spectrometer.In many instances, the engagement structural features can be one or moremagnets 1104. When inserted into the cover body 1101, the magnets 1009on the spectrometer 100 can connect to the magnets 1104 on the base1102.

The reflective material 1103 can be used to calibrate the spectrometer.The calibration can eliminate or correct for non-uniformities in thelight source and/or the spectrometer. The spectrometer can furthercomprise a processor coupled to the sensor array. The processor cancomprise a tangible medium embodying instruction to measure acalibration signal with the cover optically coupled to the sensor array.The processor can comprise instructions to adjust one or morecalibration parameter in response to the calibration signal. Thecalibration parameters can be measurement signal properties. Forexample, the calibration parameters can be amplitude of a measurementsignal comprising one or more a gain of the sensor array or an amount oflight energy from the light source. The processor can comprise one ormore substantially constant calibration parameters corresponding to thesubstantially constant reflective material. The processor can be incommunication with a memory storage device on or off board thespectrometer that comprises expected or known properties of the constantreflective material. If the spectrometer measures a reflective propertyoutside of the expected or known properties of the constant reflectivematerial the processor can initiate a recalibration or adjustment of oneor more calibration parameters. The processor can comprise instructionsto adjust the one or more calibration parameters in response to thecalibration signal and the one or more substantially constantcalibration parameters.

The cover can be provided to calibrate the spectrometer. The calibrationcan be performed automatically by the spectrometer in response to a userinstruction to perform the calibration. A user can instruct thespectrometer to perform the calibration by attaching the cover with thereflective material on the spectrometer, or by a physical user input(e.g. pushing a button or flipping a switch). In the case of automaticcalibration, the spectrometer can be calibrated without an input signalfrom a user. The automatic calibration can be initiated by a processoron or off board the spectrometer. The processor can be configured todetect that the device requires calibration and initiate thecalibration.

In many instances an automatic calibration algorithm can be initiatedwhen a user turn the spectrometer on (e.g. presses the power button tocomplete a battery circuit to provide power to the spectrometercomponents). The processor can assume that the device is in the coverand aimed at the reflective material in the cover. The assumption can beconfirmed by a sensor. For example, a sensor can be a switch indicatingthat the cover is mounted, or performing a quick reading with or withoutlight source illumination to verify presence of the reflective material.Alternatively, the automatic calibration algorithm can be initiated whenstored data in the cloud based storage system 118 for the calibrationstandard (e.g. reflective material) is older than a threshold age orbelow a threshold accuracy.

Calibration of the spectrometer can result in a more accuratemeasurement of a sample material. The cover can comprise a single pieceof optically non-transmissive material for calibration. Measurements ofthe white reference material can be used to remove non-uniformities inthe light source and/or the spectrometer when measuring samplematerials. The cover can provide the white reference material in acontrolled environment for calibration. In some cases, the cover canprovide the white reference material in an environment substantiallyfree from ambient light and with a constant and known distance betweenthe sensor and the sample material (e.g. white reference). Otherpossible materials are glass coated sheets, sand-blasted aluminum andother metals.

FIG. 12 shows a method 1200 that can be performed to automatically,semi-automatically, or manually, initiate and perform a calibration ofthe spectrometer. In a step 1202, the white reference process caninitiate. In a step 1204, the spectrometer can detect that the cover isconnected. The cover can comprise a reference reflective material asdescribed herein. In a step 1204, it can be confirmed that thespectrometer is inserted into the cover or sheath and that the opticalhead of the spectrometer is correctly oriented toward the closed end ofthe cover. Correct orientation can be towards the bottom of the sheath.In a step 1206, a measurement or reading of the reference reflectivematerial can be taken or collected. In a step 1208, the collectedmeasurement can be averaged with previous measurements or subsequentmeasurements. In a step 1210, the total number of readings ormeasurements in the average can be considered. If the number of readingsis below a value, N, where N is an integer greater than or equal tozero, step 1206 can be repeated. In a step 1212, which may occur when Nis equal to a greater than a chosen threshold value, the average signalor measurement can be processed. In a step 1214, the measurement can betransmitted to a cloud based storage system 118. The signal can betransmitted through a mobile device. In step 1214, the measurement canbe a dark measurement. In a step 1216, the light source can be tuned on.In a step 1218, a measurement or reading can be collected or taken withthe spectrometer sensor. In a step 1220, the measurement or reading canbe averaged with previous measurements or subsequent measurements. In astep 1222, the total number of readings or measurements in the averagecan be considered. If the number of readings is below a value, M, whereM is an integer greater than or equal to zero, step 1218 can berepeated. In a step 1224, the light source can be turned off. In a step1226, which may occur when N is equal to a greater than a chosenthreshold value, the average signal or measurement can be processed. Ina step 1228, the measurement can be transmitted to a cloud based storagesystem 118. The signal can be transmitted through a mobile device. In astep 1230, the dark measurement and the light measurement can becombined to check the validity of a measurement of the referencematerial (e.g. white reference). In a step 1232, a binary decision canbe made regarding the validity of the measurement of the referencematerial. In a step1234, an error can indicate that the decision is thatthe measurement is not valid. In a step 1236, the measurement can bevalid and stored on the cloud device 118. In a step 1238, thecalibration method can be determined to be complete.

FIG. 12 shows a method 1200 of calibrating a spectrometer. A person ofordinary skill in the art will recognize many variations, alterationsand adaptations based on the disclosure provided herein. For example,the order of the steps of the method can be changed, some of the stepsremoved, some of the steps duplicated, and additional steps added asappropriate. Some of the steps may comprise sub-steps. Some of the stepsmay be automated and some of the steps can be manual. The processor asdescribed herein may comprise one or more instructions to perform atleast a portion of one or more steps of the method 1200.

In many instances, the accessory 909 may comprise structural featuresthat are configured to orient the sample with a defined and repeatableposition and orientation relative to the spectrometer light sourceand/or a spectrometer detector. The accessory can be configured toposition and orient a liquid or solid sample. The accessory 909 cancomprise a cavity with a structure such as a groove, indentation, dent,depression, hole, ridge, and/or any other physical structure configuredto hold a sample with a predetermined orientation relative to thespectrometer. In some cases, the accessory can be configured to centerthe sample in the cavity. Samples with different shapes can orient inthe structural feature in a similar way each time they are measured suchthat consistency between measurements on the same sample can beachieved. In some cases, the sample can be small relative to thespectrometer. In some cases the sample can be a pill (e.g., paramedicalpill). A plurality of accessories can be provided in which eachaccessory comprises a structural recess sized and shaped to receive aspecific object such as a specific pill formulation of a medication.

FIG. 13 shows a schematic diagram of a pill sample 1301 placed in asample container 903 comprising an accessory 909. The sample 1301 can beplaced in a structure 1303 configured to hold the sample in apredetermined orientation in the accessory relative to the spectrometerduring a measurement. The inner walls 1304 of the structure 1303 can becoated with a reflective material. The inner walls of the structure 1303can be coated with a metallic material. In some cases, at least oneinner surface of the structure can be coated with a spectrally flatdiffusive material (e.g., Spectralon™). The spectrally flat diffusivematerial can be behind the sample when the sample is placed in thestructure. The inner walls of the structure 1303 can comprise the wallsand/or surfaces of the structure 1303 that surround the sample. Theaccessory 909 can be sized and configured such that the accessory 909can be placed on a surface while the sample is measured. The surface cancomprise a stable surface such as a table or other smooth level surface.To measure the sample 1301 the spectrometer 102 can be fitted on theaccessory 909. The spectrometer and the accessory can be connected bycomplementary magnets provided on the spectrometer and the accessory.When the spectrometer 102 is placed on the accessory 909 the sample 1301can be enclosed between the spectrometer and the accessory such thatambient light cannot reach the sample. In many instances, thespectrometer is sized and shaped to fit onto the accessory container.

FIG. 14A shows a top view of an accessory 909 comprising samplecontainer 903 with structures that can be sized and shaped hold a solidobject. In a first case the accessory comprises a first structure with acircular depression 1405 comprising a channel 930. The circulardepression can have a diameter 1402 of at least about 1 mm, 5 mm, 10 mm,15 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm, 30 mm, 35 mm, 40 mm, 45 mm, or 50 mm, for example.The circular depression is shown a in a top view of the accessory. Across section along line A (shown in FIG. 14B) and a cross section alongline B (shown in FIG. 14C) can be identical. The accessory shown in FIG.14A can be configured to hold a sample with a circular or sphericalshape. The accessory shown with FIG. 14A can be configured to hold acircular or spherical pill, for example. In a second case shown in FIG.15A, the accessory 909 comprising sample container 903 can have a secondstructure with an irregular depression 1505, comprising a channel 930.The irregular depression can generally be described as a circle laidover an oblong shape. The irregular depression is shown a in a top viewin FIG. 15A of the accessory 903. In the second case a cross sectionalong line C (shown in FIG. 15B) and a cross section along line D (shownin FIG. 14C) can have different widths such that one of the depressionsshown in the two cross sections is longer than the other. The accessoryshown and described by the second case can be configured to hold asample with a circular, spherical, or oblong shape. The accessory shownand described by the first case can be configured to hold a circular,spherical, or oblong pill.

In some instances, the accessory can comprise a plurality of parts. Theparts can be mechanically connected to form the accessory. In some casesthe parts can be connected by a magnetic connection to form theaccessory 909 comprising container 903. FIG. 16 shows a schematic of anaccessory 909 comprising a plurality of connectable parts. In some casesthe accessory can comprise more than two connectable parts. In theinstances shown in FIG. 16, a first part 1601 can connect to a secondpart 1602. The first part 1601 and the second part 1602 can be connectedby a mechanical fit or a magnetic connection. Additionally, thespectrometer 100 can be fitted on the first part 1601 for measuring of asample inside the accessory container 903. The spectrometer 102 can befitted on the first part 1601 with a magnetic connection. The magneticconnection between the spectrometer 102 and the first part 1601 can bestronger than the magnetic connection between the first part 1601 andthe second part 1602. In some cases, the sample 1604 can be placed onthe second part 1602 before the first part 1601 a nd the second part1602 are connected. Placing the sample 1604 on the second part 1602before the first part 1601 is connected may permit a user to achieve adesired orientation of the sample 1604 on the second part 1602 withoutbeing obstructed by the first part 1601.

FIG. 17 shows a detailed exploded view of an accessory 909 comprisingsample container 903. The accessory can comprise a body 1701 having achannel 930. The body can be a housing for one or more components of theaccessory to fit inside of the body 1701. The body can comprise two ormore magnets 1702. The two or more magnets can be configured to connectwith two or more magnets on a spectrometer or a magnetic surface of thespectrometer when the accessory container 903 is connected to thespectrometer. At least a fraction of the inside of the housing can becoated with or coupled to a reflective box comprising a reflectivematerial 1703. The reflective material 1703 can be a metallic material.When the sample is being measured, the reflective material can reflectat least a fraction of the light emitted by a light source of thespectrometer. The spectrometer housing can comprise an insert 1704comprising the structure 1303 configured to hold the sample in apredetermined position and orientation.

The insert 1704 can comprise a top surface 1705. The top surface can bea surface that faces the spectrometer during measurement of the sample.The top surface 1705 can be coated with a diffusive and/or spectrallyflat coating. Similarly, the bottom surface 1706 of the insert 1704 cancomprise a diffusive and/or spectrally flat coating. The bottom surfacecan be a surface that is behind the sample when the sample is measuredby the spectrometer. The insert 1704 can be connected to a base 1708 ofthe accessory with an adhesive 1707. The base 1708 can connect to thebody 1701 of the accessory 903 to fully enclose the components in theaccessory 903. A reflective foil 1709 can be placed adjacent to asurface of the structure. The reflective foil can prevent stray ambientlight from entering the structure 1303 of the insert 1704. In somecases, a foam (not shown) can be placed between the foil 1709 and theadhesive 1707. The foam can be chosen such that a desired spacing can beprovided between the sample and the light source. A thinner foam can beused to increase the distance between the light source and the samplewhile a relatively thicker foam can be used to decrease the distancebetween the light source and the sample.

FIG. 18A shows a perspective view of an assembled accessory 909comprising sample container 903. FIG. 18B shows a cross sectional viewof the accessory 909 comprising the container 903. The accessory canhave a first end 1801 configured to connect to the spectrometer. Thefirst end can comprise two or more magnets 1802 configured to connect totwo or more magnets or a magnetic surface of the spectrometer. The firstend 1801 can comprise an opening 1803 through which a sample can beloaded into a channel 930 of the accessory. The inner walls 1804 of theaccessory can comprise a reflective coating. A bottom surface 1805 ofthe accessory can comprise a depression 1806 configured to hold asample.

In some instances an accessory can be configured to permit measurementof a liquid sample. The liquid sample can comprise a clear or opaqueliquid. The liquid sample can comprise a solution, a slurry, a Newtonianfluid, a non-Newtonian fluid, a homogenous mixture, or an inhomogeneousmixture. In some cases the liquid sample can comprise gas bubbles. Theliquid sample can comprise a liquid that can be consumed by an animal(e.g., milk, water, carbonated beverage, alcoholic beverage, or juice).The liquid sample can comprise motor oil. The liquid sample can compriseurine. The liquid sample can comprise blood.

The accessory can be formed from a material that is safe for use withfood and/or drink. The accessory can be formed from a material that willnot contaminate food and/or drink with a chemical that is toxic forconsumption by an animal. In some cases, the accessory can be formedfrom a material that can be washed by hand or in a dishwasher withoutmelting, degrading, and/or breaking. In some instances, the accessorycan be formed from a material that is disposable. The disposablematerial can comprise laminated paper or cardboard.

The inner walls of the channel formed in an accessory or samplecontainer as described herein may comprise a substantiallylight-absorbing material, such that when the spectrometer is coupled tothe accessory, light from the illumination module that hits the innerwalls is absorbed by the inner walls rather than reflected back into thechannel. For example, the inner walls may be coated with a substantiallylight-absorbing material, or the inner walls may be formed from asubstantially light-absorbing material.

FIG. 19A shows a cross section view of a spectrometer 102 coupled to anaccessory 909 comprising a sample container 903 configured to permitmeasurement of a liquid sample. The accessory 909 can comprise aprotective cover 1901. The spectrometer 102 can be fitted in theprotective cover 1901 when the spectrometer is connected to theaccessory. The spectrometer and the protective cover 1901 can form aliquid tight seal. The spectrometer and the protective cover 1901 canform an air tight seal. When the spectrometer is fitted and connected tothe accessory liquid may not be able to permeate a boundary between thespectrometer and the protective cover. The protective cover can preventliquid from contacting the spectrometer. The protective cover canprevent liquid from damaging the spectrometer. The seal formed betweenthe spectrometer can the protective cover can comprise a gasket, o-ring,or other mechanical seal, for example. The seal formed between thespectrometer and the protective cover can comprise a rubber, Teflon,plastic, or metal seal, for example.

When the spectrometer 102 is coupled to the accessory 909, thespectrometer head 120 can be adjacent to a window 1902 of the accessory.The window can comprise a single window. The window can comprise two ormore windows arranged in a single plane. The window can comprise two ormore windows arranged on the same surface. The window can be formed fromglass, plastic, or any other material configured to permit transmissionof light. The window can be configured to permit transmission of lightwithin a predetermined range of wavelengths. In cases where two or morewindows are provided on the window, two or more of the windows can beconfigured to permitted transmission of light in different wavelengthranges, for example.

FIG. 19B shows a surface of a window 1902 that can be provided on theaccessory 909. The window can have a convex shape such that any gasbubbles that exist on the window will roll off by buoyancy when thespectrometer is oriented with an elongate axis of the spectrometerextending vertically. Reducing and/or eliminating gas bubbles on thewindow 1902 can ensure an accurate spectroscopy measurement of theliquid. In some cases one or more channels can be provided on the windowto reduce or eliminate gas bubbles.

The window shown in FIG. 19B can comprise a first window 1903 configuredto permit illumination light from the spectrometer to enter a liquidsample contained in the accessory 903. The window 1902 may comprise asecond window 1904 and a third window 1905. Each of the first window,the second window and the third window can be optically isolated fromeach other in order to inhibit interference of signals. An opaquematerial 1913 can extend between the windows in order to inhibitcross-talk and light traveling from one window to the other windows. Thewindows may comprise energy transmission channels to transmit light toor from the sample. For example, the each window may comprise an energytransmission channel. Each of the channels can be optically isolatedfrom each other. Alternatively or in combination, each of the energytransmission channels may comprise a material to transfer energy inaddition to or alternatively to light energy. For example, one or moreof the energy transmission channels may comprise a metal to relay heatenergy from the sample to the metal and from the metal to an infraredtemperature sensor.

The first window 1903 can be arranged adjacent to the illuminationwindow 142 (shown in FIG. 3) of the spectrometer 102 when thespectrometer is fitted in or coupled to the accessory. The first window1903 can be arranged adjacent to the illumination window 142 of thespectrometer 102 when the spectrometer is fitted in the accessory suchthat edges of the first window 1903 are aligned with edges of theillumination window 142 of the spectrometer 102. The first window 1903can be arranged adjacent to the illumination window 142 of thespectrometer 102 when the spectrometer is fitted in the accessory suchthat a perimeter of the first window 1903 is aligned with a perimeter ofthe illumination window 142 of the spectrometer 102. The first window1903 can be arranged adjacent to the illumination window 142 of thespectrometer 102 when the spectrometer is fitted in the accessory suchthe first window 1903 is aligned with the illumination window 142 of thespectrometer 102. The first window 1903 can be arranged adjacent to theillumination window 142 of the spectrometer 102 when the spectrometer isfitted in the accessory such the first window 1903 is coaxial with theillumination window 142 of the spectrometer 102.

The window 1902 can further comprise second window 1904 configured topermit light to travel from the sample to the spectrometer. The secondwindow 1904 can be arranged adjacent to the spectrometer window 162(shown in FIG. 3) of the spectrometer 102 when the spectrometer isfitted in or coupled to the accessory. The second window 1904 can bearranged adjacent to the spectrometer window 162 of the spectrometer 102when the spectrometer is fitted in the accessory such that edges of thesecond window 1904 are aligned with edges of spectrometer window 162 ofthe spectrometer 102. The second window 1904 can be arranged adjacent tothe spectrometer window 162 of the spectrometer 102 when thespectrometer is fitted in the accessory such that a perimeter of thesecond window 1904 is aligned with a perimeter of the spectrometerwindow 162 of the spectrometer 102. The second window 1904 can bearranged adjacent to the spectrometer window 162 of the spectrometer 102when the spectrometer is fitted in the accessory such the second window1904 is aligned with the spectrometer window 162 of the spectrometer102. The second window 1904 can be arranged adjacent to the spectrometerwindow 162 of the spectrometer 102 when the spectrometer is fitted inthe accessory such the second window 1904 is coaxial with thespectrometer window 162 of the spectrometer 102.

The window 1902 can further comprise third window 1905 configured topermit measurement of a temperature of the liquid sample contained inthe accessory 909. The third window 1905 can be arranged adjacent to thetemperature sensor window 132 of the spectrometer 102 when thespectrometer is fitted in or coupled to the accessory. The third window1905 can be arranged adjacent to the temperature sensor window 132(shown in FIG. 3) of the spectrometer 102 when the spectrometer isfitted in the accessory such that edges of the third window 1905 arealigned with edges of temperature sensor window 132 of the spectrometer102. The third window 1905 can be arranged adjacent to the temperaturesensor window 132 of the spectrometer 102 when the spectrometer isfitted in the accessory such that a perimeter of the third window 1905is aligned with a perimeter of the temperature sensor window 132 of thespectrometer 102. The third window 1905 can be arranged adjacent to thetemperature sensor window 132 of the spectrometer 102 when thespectrometer is fitted in the accessory such the third window 1905 isaligned with the temperature sensor window 132 of the spectrometer 102.The third window 1905 can be arranged adjacent to the temperature sensorwindow 132 of the spectrometer 102 when the spectrometer is fitted inthe accessory such the third window 1905 is coaxial with the temperaturesensor window 132 of the spectrometer 102.

The third window 1905 can be configured to permit transmission of anoptical temperature measurement signal. The optical temperaturemeasurement signal can comprise light with a wavelength in a range ofabout 1 μm to about 100 μm. The optical temperature measurement signalcan comprise light with a wavelength in a range of about 1 μm to about50 μm. The optical temperature measurement signal can comprise lightwith a wavelength in a range of about 5 μm to about 25 μm. The opticaltemperature measurement signal can comprise light with a wavelength in arange of about 4 μm to about 8 μm. The third window 1905 can comprise agermanium window, for example. The third window can be transmissive tolight with a wavelength within the range of the optical temperaturemeasurement signal wavelength range.

During measurement of a liquid sample, the spectrometer 102 fitted inthe accessory 909 can be dipped into a liquid. Dipping the spectrometerinto the liquid can reduce specular reflection of illumination lightfrom a liquid surface. In some cases, specular reflections ofillumination light from a liquid surface can confuse or inhibitacquisition of an accurate spectrometry measurement. In some cases, ifthe spectrometer is not dipped into the liquid transition ofillumination from the liquid to air between the spectrometer and asurface of the liquid can cause light refraction. Light refraction canconfuse or inhibit acquisition of an accurate spectrometry measurement.Dipping the spectrometer in the liquid can avoid the issues of specularreflections and/or light refraction that can occur as a result ofillumination off of the surface of the liquid. When a user dips theattachment coupled to the spectrometer in a liquid the user can performone or more steps to decrease formation of gas bubbles between theaccessory window 1902 and the liquid for sampling. In some cases, a usercan decrease formation of gas bubbles between the accessory window 1902and the liquid for sampling by first dipping the accessory in with anelongate axis of the spectrometer at an angle less than 90° relative tothe surface of the liquid.

When the spectrometer 102 fitted in the accessory 909 is dipped in aliquid for measurement of the liquid, a volume of liquid can fill aspace 1906 that forms between the window 1902 and the reflective element1907. In some cases, the space 1906 can be fully enclosed by opaquewalls to prevent ambient light from interfering with a spectroscopymeasurement. The walls may comprise one or more openings, for example aplurality of openings, to allow liquid to enter the space and gas toexit the space 1906 defined by the walls of the measurement chamber. Theinside of a wall can be a side that contacts the liquid volume enclosedby the walls. The inside of a wall can be coated with a reflectivecoating. Alternatively the inside of a wall can be coated with amaterial that absorbs light. The inside of a wall can be coated with amaterial that does not reflect light. At least one of the walls can beopened and/or removed prior to a measurement to permit liquid to enterthe space. At least one of the walls can be opened by a hingeconnection. In some instances, at least one of the walls can compriseone or more openings configured to permit liquid to enter the space1906. In some cases, the space 1906 can be open on at least one side topermit easy flow of liquid into the space for sampling. The space 1906can be free of walls, in some cases, posts can connect the accessory tothe platform. The posts will be described in detail elsewhere herein.

The reflective element 1907 can comprise a material that is a diffusereflector. The diffuse reflector can be embedded in a platform 1912, forexample placed in a recess of platform 1912. The reflective element 1907can comprise a material that is a specular reflector. The reflectiveelement can comprise a material that is both a specular and diffusereflector. The reflective element can comprise a smooth coating (e.g.,polished gold coating) to permit specular reflection. A protective layer1909 can be provided over the reflective element to protect thereflective element from the liquid. A protective layer 1909 can beprovided over the reflective element to prevent the reflective elementfrom contacting the liquid. A protective layer 1909 can be provided overthe reflective element to prevent the reflective element from gettingwet. The protective layer 1909 can be transparent. The protective layer1909 can be glass. The protective layer 1909 can be plastic. Theprotective layer 1909 can be a cured transparent resin. In some cases,the reflective material can be formed from a material that is resistantto liquids. The reflective material can be formed from a material thatcan be exposed to a liquid without breaking, eroding, reacting, orbecoming unusable, for example. In some cases, the reflective elementcan be formed from opal glass or sand blasted metal (e.g., aluminum,steel, copper, brass, or iron). In cases where the reflective element isresistant to liquids the protective layer can be omitted. In some cases,the reflective element can comprise a diffuser placed over a reflectingsubstrate.

In some configurations, the reflective element 1907 may comprise adiffuser placed over a light-blocking and light-absorbing material (suchas an anodized aluminum foil or plate). A diffuser placed over alight-absorbing substrate may produce a reflectance spectral responsewith better flatness and stability than a diffuser placed over areflecting substrate. If the diffuser is thick enough, there may be noneed for a separate substrate as the forward transmitted light may beweak enough, and the backscattering strong enough.

Illumination from the illumination module can illuminate a volume ofliquid contained in the space 1906 that fills with the volume of liquidwhen the spectrometer fitted in the accessory is dipped in a liquid. Thereflective layer can increase the amount of light reflected towards thespectrometer. The reflective layer can increase the intensity of lightthat is reflected towards the spectrometer. The reflective layer canincrease accuracy by increasing signal from liquids that are transparent(e.g., transparent to light in the IR range). The reflective layer canincrease accuracy by increasing signal from liquids with low scatteringcharacteristics.

The reflecting element 1907 may be particularly helpful for themeasurement of spectra of essentially clear or lucid liquids (e.g.,measurement of the percentage of alcohol in Vodka), and may be ofrelatively lesser importance for the measurement of highly diffusiveliquids (e.g., measurement of the percentage of fat in milk). The use ofa reflecting element or base for the measurement of clear liquids can beimportant both for minimizing the reflection of light from backgroundobjects (such as the base of the liquid sample container) and forincreasing the intensity of light passing from the illumination modulethrough the liquid and into the spectrometer.

A distance 1910 between the window 1902 and the reflective element 1907can influence the accuracy of a spectroscopy measurement. The distance1910 can define the volume of the liquid contained in the space 1906. Insome cases, the distance 1910 can be adjustable. Two or more posts 1911can connect the window 1902 of the accessory and the reflective element.The posts can be permanently or removable attached to either or both ofthe accessory and a platform 1912 comprising the reflective element. Insome cases, a first set of posts can be disconnected from the platformand the accessory and replaced with a second set of posts with a longeror shorter length relative to the first set of posts.

The spectrometer 102 can be packed for sale and/or delivery. The packagecan comprise the spectrometer. The package can comprise one or moreaccessories 909 for use with the spectrometer. FIG. 20 shows a packagethat can house a kit comprising the spectrometer and one or moreaccessories. The accessories can comprise any of the accessoriesdescribed herein. The accessories can comprise accessories for measuringof liquids, measuring of solids, measuring of pills, and/or calibrationof the spectrometer.

The package 2000 can comprise an outer box 2001. An inner box 2002 canslide into the outer box 2001. An inner box 2002 can be size and shapedsuch that it fits into the outer box 2001. A tray 2003 can additionallybe fitted in the outer box. Alternatively the tray can be fitted in theinner box. The spectrometer and one or more accessories can be containedin the inner box 2002. Instructions for use 2004 can be fitted in thetray.

Referring now to FIG. 21, a user may initiate a measurement of a samplematerial S using the spectrometer 102 by interacting with a user inputsupported with a container 902 of the spectrometer. Although thespectrometer is shown without an accessory covering the measurement endof the spectrometer, one or more accessories as described herein can beplaced on the measurement end and the spectrometer used similarly. Theuser input may, for example, comprise an operating button 1006. Thecontainer 902 may be sized to fit within a hand H of a user, allowingthe user to hold and aim the spectrometer at the sample material, andmanipulate the user input with the same hand H to initiate measurementof the sample material. The container 902 can house the different partsof the spectrometer such as the spectrometer module 160, illuminationmodule 140, and sensor module 130. The spectrometer module may comprisea detector or sensor to measure the spectra of the sample materialwithin a field of view 40 of the detector or sensor. The detector may beconfigured to have a wide field of view. The illumination module maycomprise a light source configured to direct an optical beam 10 to thesample material S within the field of view 40. The light source may beconfigured to emit electromagnetic energy, comprising one or more ofultraviolet, visible, near infrared, or infrared light energy. The lightsource may comprise one or more component light sources. The field ofview 40 can define the portion of the sample material S from which thespectral data is collected by the spectrometer 102. The illuminationmodule may further comprise one or more optics coupled to the lightsource to direct the optical beam 10 toward the sample material S. Theone or more optics may comprise one or more of a mirror, a beamsplitter, a lens, a curved reflector, or a parabolic reflector, asdescribed in further detail herein. The spectrometer 102 may furthercomprise circuitry coupled to the detector and the light source, whereinthe circuitry is configured to transmit the optical beam 10 in responseto user interactions with the user input using hand H holding thespectrometer. When a user initiates a measurement of a sample material Susing the spectrometer 102, for example by pressing the operating button1006 with hand H, the spectrometer emits an optical beam 10 toward thesample material within the field of view 40. When the optical beam 10hits the sample material S, the light may be partially absorbed and/orpartially reflected by the sample material; alternatively or incombination, optical beam 10 may cause the sample material to emit lightin response. The sample emission, which may comprise at least a portionof the optical beam 10 reflected back by the sample and/or light emittedby the sample in response to the optical beam 10, is sensed by thedetector or sensor of the spectrometer module 160. The spectrometermodule 160 consequently generates the spectral data of the samplematerial as described in further detail herein.

The spectrometer 102 may be configured to begin measurement of a samplematerial S with just ambient light, without the optical beam 10. Aftercompleting the measurement with ambient light only, the illuminationmodule 140 of the spectrometer 102 can generate the optical beam 10, andthe spectrometer module 160 can begin measurement of the sample materialwith the optical beam 10. In this case, there may be a brief time lapsebetween the initiation of a measurement, for example by a user pressingthe operating button 1006, and the generation of the optical beam 10 andthe visible portions thereof. The ambient light-only measurement can beused to reduce or eliminate the contribution of ambient light in thespectral data of the sample material S. For example, the measurementmade with ambient light only can be subtracted from the measurement madewith the optical beam 10.

A portion of the optical beam 10 that is reflected from the samplematerial S may be visible to the user; this visible, reflected portionof optical beam 10 may define the measurement area 50 of the samplematerial S. The measurement area 50 of the sample may at least partiallyoverlap with and fall within the field of view 40 of the detector of thespectrometer. The area covered by the field of view 40 may be largerthan the visible area of the sample illuminated by the optical beam 10,or the measurement area 50 defined by the visible portion of the opticalbeam 10. Alternatively, the field of view may be smaller than theoptical beam, for example. In many configurations, the field of view 40of the detector of the spectrometer module is larger than the areailluminated by the optical beam 10, and hence the measurement area 50 isdefined by the optical beam 10 rather than by the field of view 40 ofthe detector.

The visible portion of optical beam 10 may comprise one or morewavelengths corresponding to one or more colors visible to the user.

The light output of the visible portion of optical beam 10 may varydepending on the type of light source. In some cases, the visible lightoutput of optical beam 10 may vary due to the different luminousefficacies of different types of light source. For example, bluelight-emitting diode (LED) may have an efficacy of about 40 lumens/W, ared LED may have an efficacy of about 70 lumens/W, and a green LED mayhave an efficacy of about 90 lumens/W. Accordingly, the visible lightoutput of optical beam 10 may vary depending on the color or wavelengthrange of the light source.

The light output of the visible portion of optical beam 10 may also varydue to the nature of interactions between the different components of alight source. For example, the light source may comprise a light sourcecombined with an optical element configured to shift the wavelength ofthe light produced by the first light source, as described in furtherdetail herein. In this instance, the visible light output of the visibleportion of optical beam 10 may vary depending on the amount of the lightproduced by the light source that is configured to pass through theoptical element without being absorbed or wavelength-shifted, asdescribed in further detail herein.

The optical beam 10 may comprise a visible aiming beam 20. The aimingbeam 20 may comprise one or more wavelengths corresponding to one ormore colors visible to the user, such as red, orange, yellow, blue,green, indigo, or violet. Alternatively or in combination, the opticalbeam 10 may comprise a measurement beam 30, configured to measure thespectra of the sample material. The measurement beam 30 may be visible,such that the measurement beam 30 comprises and functions as a visibleaiming beam. The optical beam 10 may comprise a visible measurement beam30 that comprises a visible aiming beam. The measurement beam 30 maycomprise light in the visible spectrum, non-visible spectrum, or acombination thereof. The aiming beam 20 and the measurement beam 30 maybe produced by the same light source or by different light sourceswithin the illumination module 140, and can be arranged to illuminatethe sample material S within the field of view 40 of the detector orsensor of the spectrometer 102. The visible aiming beam 20 and theoptical beam 30 may be partially or completely overlapping, aligned,and/or coaxial.

The visible aiming beam 20 may comprise light in the visible spectrum,for example in a range from about 390 nm to about 800 nm, which the usercan see reflected on a portion of the sample material S. The aiming beam20 can provide basic visual verification that the spectrometer 102 isoperational, and can provide visual indication to the user that ameasurement is in progress. The aiming beam 20 can help the uservisualize the area of the sample material being measured, and therebyprovide guidance the user in adjusting the position and/or angle of thespectrometer 102 to position the measurement area over the desired areaof the sample material S. The aiming beam 20 may be configured withcircuitry to be emitted throughout the duration of a measurement, andautomatically turn off when the measurement of the sample material S iscomplete; in this case, the aiming beam 20 can also provide visualindication to the user of how long the user should hold the spectrometer102 pointed at the sample material S.

The visible aiming beam 20 and the measurement beam 30 may be producedby the same light source, wherein the visible aiming beam 20 comprises aportion of the measurement beam 30. Alternatively, the aiming beam 20may be produced by a first light source, and the measurement beam 30 maybe produced by a second light source. For example, the measurement beam30 may comprise an infrared beam and the aiming beam 20 may comprise avisible light beam.

The measurement beam 30 may be configured to illuminate the measurementarea of the sample S, and the aiming beam 20 may be configured toilluminate an area of the sample overlapping with the measurement area,thereby displaying the measurement area to the user. One or more opticsof the illumination module, such as a lens or a parabolic reflector, maybe arranged to receive the aiming beam 20 and the measurement beam 30and direct the aiming beam and measurement beam toward the samplematerial S, with the aiming beam and measurement beam overlapping on thesample. The aiming beam 20 may be arranged to be directed along anaiming beam axis 25, while the measurement beam 30 may be arranged to bedirected along a measurement beam axis 35. The aiming beam axis 25 maybe co-axial with measurement beam axis 35.

The sensor or detector of the spectrometer module 160 may comprise oneor more filters configured to transmit the measurement beam 30 butinhibit transmission of the aiming beam 20. In many configurations, thespectrometer module comprises one filter configured to inhibittransmission of visible light, thereby inhibiting transmission ofportions of the aiming beam 20 and measurement beam 30 reflected fromthe sample that comprise visible light. In some configurations, thespectrometer module 160 may comprise a plurality of optical filtersconfigured to inhibit transmission of a portion of the aiming beam 20reflected the sample material S, and to transmit a portion of themeasurement beam 30 reflected from the sample. In configurations of thespectrometer module comprising a plurality of optical channels, thespectrometer module may comprise a plurality of filters wherein eachoptical filter corresponds to an optical channel. Each filter may beconfigured to inhibit transmission of light within a specific rangeand/or within a specific angle of incidence, wherein the filteredspecific range or specific angle of incidence may be specific to thecorresponding channel. In some configurations, each optical channel ofthe spectrometer module may comprise a field of view. The field of view40 of the spectrometer module may hence comprise a plurality ofoverlapping fields of view of a plurality of optical channels. Theaiming beam and the measurement beam may overlap with the plurality ofoverlapping fields of view on the sample S. In some configurations, adiffuser may be disposed between the plurality of optical filters andthe incident light from the sample, wherein each optical filtercorresponds to an optical channel. In such configurations, the pluralityof optical channels may comprise similar fields of view, each field ofview at least partially overlapping with the fields of view of otheroptical channels, wherein the spectrometer substantially comprises afield of view of ±1-90°.

Optionally, the visible aiming beam 20 may be produced by a light sourceseparate from the illumination module 140. In this case, the separatelight source may be configured to produce the aiming beam such that theaiming beam illuminates a portion of the sample material that overlapswith the measurement area of the sample.

FIG. 22 shows a top view spectrometer 102. The spectrometer can comprisean operating button 1006. An operating button 1006 can allow a user tocontrol battery power to one or more components in the spectrometer. Insome cases, a user can power a spectrometer on and off by manipulatingthe operating button. An operating button can be a compressible button,switch, or touchscreen (e.g. capacitive screen).

FIG. 23 shows a bottom view of a spectrometer 102 opposed a side of aspectrometer comprising an operating button. The spectrometer cancomprise a protrusion 907 on the spectrometer. When the spectrometer isfitted in a cover or sheath the protrusion may be accessed through theone or more openings in the sheath. The protrusion 907 can comprise araised bump, raised line, a groove, a depression, a textured surface, anub, and/or a raised structural feature that can be gripped by a user'shand and/or finger. A user may push the spectrometer 100 out of thecontainer when the sheath is placed in the container by pushing and/orpulling on the protrusion 907 to apply a shear force to thespectrometer. In some cases, the protrusion can be recessed in a surfaceof the spectrometer such that the protrusion does not interfere with thesheath (e.g., container) when the spectrometer is pushed into or pulledout of the container. The protrusion can be on a side of thespectrometer that comprises the button 1006. The protrusion can be on aside of the spectrometer that does not comprise the protrusion. Theprotrusion can be on a side of the spectrometer opposite the side of thespectrometer that comprises the button.

FIG. 24 shows a side view of the spectrometer 102.

FIG. 25 shows an end view of the spectrometer head 120. The spectrometerhead comprises one or more of a spectrometer module 160, a temperaturesensor module 130, and an illumination module 140. Each module, whenpresent, can be covered with a module window. For example, thespectrometer module 160 can comprise a spectrometer window 162, thetemperature sensor module 130 can comprise a temperature sensor window132, and the illumination module 140 can comprise an illumination window142.

FIG. 26 shows an end of the spectrometer 102 comprising a charging port2500. The charging port can provide an electrical connection between anenergy storage device (e.g., battery) housed in the spectrometer and anenergy source configured to provided energy to the energy storagedevice. In some cases, the charging port can be a USB charging port. Insome cases, the charging port can comprise a pin electrical connection.The electrical connection can be configured to be fitted on a chargingcradle. In some cases, the charging port 2500 can be provided on a sideof the spectrometer opposite a side of the spectrometer comprising thespectrometer head.

FIG. 27 shows an isometric view of the spectrometer 102.

FIG. 28 shows another isometric view of the spectrometer showing thespectrometer head 120 and the protrusion 907.

FIG. 29 shows a top view of cover 901 configured to house thespectrometer. The spectrometer appears similarly in bottom view and canbe symmetrical, for example. The cover can be a protective cover for thespectrometer. The cover can provide a controlled environment formeasuring of one or more samples with the spectrometer. The cover canprovide a controlled environment for calibration the spectrometer. Thecover 901 can comprise one or more holes 2800 through which thespectrometer can be accessed when the spectrometer is fitted in thecover. The button of the spectrometer can be accessed through the hole.The protrusion of the spectrometer can be accessed through the hole. Thecover can have an open end 2801 through which the spectrometer can enterand exit the cover. The cover can have a closed end 2802 opposite theopen end.

FIG. 30 shows a side view of the cover 901.

FIG. 31 shows an end view of the open end 2801 of the cover 901. Whenlooking into the open end the interior surfaces of the cover can beseen. A bottom interior surface (e.g., base) 1102 of the cover cancomprise a cavity 3000. The base 1102 can house the reflective material1103. The reflective material can be adhered to an inner surface of thecover with an adhesive. The base can house the reflective material 1103in a reflector box 1106 embedded in the base.

FIG. 32 shows an end view of the closed end of the cover 901. The closedend of the cover can comprise a flat surface. The closed end of thecover can comprise a solid surface. The closed end of the cover cancomprise a closed surface.

FIG. 32 shows an isometric view of the cover 901.

FIG. 33 shows an isometric view of the cover 901 that shows the interiorof the cover including the base 1102.

FIG. 35 shows an isometric view of the cover 901 that shows the interiorof the cover including the base 1102.

FIGS. 36A and 36B are perspective views of an exemplary liquidmeasurement accessory 3609 configured to facilitate measurement of aliquid sample. The accessory 3609 comprises a protective cover 3601,wherein the spectrometer may be placed within the protective cover whenthe accessory is coupled to the spectrometer. The accessory 3609 cancomprise a window 3602, similar to window 1902 describe in reference toFIGS. 19A-19B. The window 3602 can be configured to permit transmissionof light energy from the illumination module of the spectrometer head.In embodiments wherein the window comprises a material different fromthe protective cover, the window may be configured to form aliquid-tight seal against the material of the protective cover, suchthat liquid may be prevented from reaching the spectrometer placedwithin the protective cover. The window 3602 may comprise a first window3603 and a second window 3604, wherein the first window and the secondwindow may be optically isolated from each other in order to inhibitinterference of signals. The first window 3603 may be arranged adjacentto the illumination window 142 (as shown in FIG. 3) of the spectrometerwhen the spectrometer is coupled to the accessory, such that light fromthe illumination module can be transmitted through the illuminationwindow and the first window 3603 to the liquid sample. The second window3604 may be arranged adjacent to the spectrometer window 162 (as shownin FIG. 3) of the spectrometer when the spectrometer is coupled to theaccessory, such that light from the liquid sample can be transmittedthrough the second window 3604 and the spectrometer window to thedetector of the spectrometer. Many aspects of the window 3602, firstwindow 3603, and second window 3604 may be similar to aspects of thewindow1902, first window 1903, second window 1904, or third window 1905described in reference to FIGS. 19A-19B.

The accessory 3609 can further comprise a platform or base 3612 coupledto the protective cover 3601, wherein the base supports a reflectiveelement 3607. The reflective element 3607 may be similar in many aspectsto reflective element 1907 described in reference to FIGS. 19A-19B. Forexample, the reflective element 3607 may comprise a material that is adiffuse reflector, and may be embedded in the base 3612 with or withouta protective layer provided over the reflective element. The base may becoupled to the protective cover with an arm or post 3611 configured toplace the reflective element at a predetermined measurement distance3610 from the window 3602. Alternatively, the base may be coupled to theprotective cover with two or more arms or posts. When the spectrometercoupled to the accessory is partially dipped or immersed in a liquidsample for measurement of the sample, the liquid sample can fill a space3606 between the end of the protective cover 3601 comprising the window3602 and the reflective element 3607. Illumination from the illuminationmodule can illuminate the volume of the liquid sample filling the space3606. The reflective element can increase the amount and/or intensity oflight reflected back towards the spectrometer, thereby helping toincrease the accuracy of measurement. The distance 3610 can beconfigured to be similar in many aspects to the distance 1910 describedin reference to FIGS. 19A-19B.

The protective cover 3601 of the accessory 3609 may further comprise aliquid level indicator 3614. The liquid level indicator may beconfigured to indicate an ideal liquid height on the protective cover asthe handheld spectrometer coupled to the liquid measurement accessory isdipped or immersed in the liquid sample. As a user begins to immerse thespectrometer/liquid accessory assembly into the liquid sample and theliquid level on the protective cover rises, the user may use the liquidlevel indicator as a visual guide for determining when to stop loweringthe spectrometer assembly further down in the liquid sample.

The protective cover 3601 may further comprise a movable portion 3616,configured to allow access to an operation mechanism of the handheldspectrometer (e.g., operating button 1006 shown in FIG. 10) when thehandheld spectrometer is placed within the protective cover. The movableportion may be positioned so as to be aligned with the operationmechanism of the spectrometer when the spectrometer is placed within theprotective cover. The movable portion may, for example, comprise a soft,flexible material that can deform in response to pressure, to allowoperation of the operation mechanism positioned beneath the movableportion. The movable portion is preferably configured to form aliquid-tight seal against the protective cover about the periphery ofthe movable portion, to prevent liquid from permeating the boundary ofthe movable portion and thereby prevent liquid from directly contactingthe handheld spectrometer.

The accuracy of measurements by a spectrometer as described herein maybe affected by various elements of the spectrometer, such as theillumination source, light guiding elements, reflective elements, ordetecting elements, or by various accessories of the spectrometer usedfor sample measurement. Even relatively small differences betweenspectrometer systems can be important, particularly when spectral datagenerated by a plurality of similar spectrometer systems are compared.To reduce the variations in measured sample spectra due to differencesin various spectrometer system components, each spectrometer and/or eachaccessory of the spectrometer may be calibrated during production of thedevices. Also, each spectrometer and/or each accessory may be assigned acorresponding identification, such as a unique identifier, at theproduction site. The calibration spectra of each device may be digitallyassociated with the unique identifier of the device and stored in adatabase, such as a database stored on a computing device configured toanalyze sample measurement data. When a user measures a sample material,the user may also take one or more calibration measurements of one ormore accessories of the spectrometer system. The calibration data foreach accessory and the unique identifier of the accessory may betransmitted to a processing unit along with the sample measurement dataand the unique identifier of the spectrometer. The processing unit maythen generate the sample spectra in response to the sample measurementdata, the unique identifier of the spectrometer, the calibration data,and the unique identifier of the accessory. Such a calibration processcan account for variations among spectrometer system components, thusgenerating more accurate and consistent sample spectra.

FIG. 37 shows a method 3700 for a calibration procedure to improve theaccuracy of sample measurements taken with a spectrometer system asdescribed herein.

In step 3705, a handheld spectrometer may be calibrated at a productionsite. For example, one or more reference materials with known spectralresponses at one or more given wavelengths may be measured with thehandheld spectrometer to generate spectrometer calibration spectra.

In step 3710, a spectrometer identifier (ID) may be assigned to thehandheld spectrometer at the production site. The spectrometer ID maycomprise a unique identifier such as an alphanumeric serial code, abarcode, a Quick Response (QR) code, a 2D code, magnetic code, or anyother type of unique identifier capable of identifying the handheldspectrometer. The spectrometer ID may be physically displayed on thespectrometer (e.g., printed, engraved, embossed, debossed, labeled, etc.on the housing or body of the spectrometer), and/or may be integratedinto the spectrometer (e.g., magnetically embedded in the housing orbody of the spectrometer, electronically embedded in a processing unitof the spectrometer, etc.).

In step 3715, the spectrometer calibration spectra of a given handheldspectrometer and the spectrometer ID of said handheld spectrometer maybe stored to a database. The spectrometer calibration spectra may bedigitally coupled to the corresponding spectrometer ID, such that eachspectrometer calibration spectrum stored in the database is correlatedto a spectrometer ID. The database may be stored in a local or remoteprocessing unit configured to perform analysis of spectral data producedby the handheld spectrometer. For example, as described herein inreference to FIG. 2, a spectrometer 102 and/or a handheld computingdevice 110 may be in wireless communication 116 with a cloud-basedstorage system or server 118, and the cover spectral response may bestored in a database stored on the server 118. Alternatively or incombination, the database may be stored on a processor 106 of thespectrometer 102 or on a processor of the handheld computing device 110.

In step 3720, a cover of a handheld spectrometer may be calibrated at aproduction site. For example, a reference material provided with thecover may be measured with a reference spectrometer to generate thecover calibration spectra.

In step 3725, a cover ID may be assigned to cover at the productionsite. The cover ID may comprise any unique identifier as described inreference to the spectrometer ID. The cover ID may be physicallydisplayed on the cover (e.g., printed, engraved, embossed, debossed,labeled, etc.), and/or may be integrated into the cover (e.g.,magnetically embedded, electronically embedded, etc.). The cover ID maycomprise the same or a different type of unique identifier as thespectrometer ID.

In step 3730, the cover calibration spectra of a given cover and thecover ID of said cover may be stored to a database, which may be thesame database as described in reference to step 3715, or a similardatabase. The cover calibration spectra may be digitally coupled to thecorresponding cover ID, such that each cover calibration spectrum storedin the database is correlated to a cover ID.

In step 3735, an accessory of a handheld spectrometer may be calibratedat a production site. For example, a reference material provided withthe accessory may be measured with a reference spectrometer to generatethe accessory calibration spectra.

In step 3740, an accessory ID may be assigned to accessory at theproduction site. The accessory ID may comprise any unique identifier asdescribed in reference to the spectrometer ID. The accessory ID may bephysically displayed on the cover (e.g., printed, engraved, embossed,debossed, labeled, etc.), and/or may be integrated into the cover (e.g.,magnetically embedded, electronically embedded, etc.). The accessory IDmay comprise the same or a different type of unique identifier as thespectrometer ID or the cover ID.

In step 3745, the accessory calibration spectra of a given accessory andthe accessory ID of said accessory may be stored to a database, whichmay be the same database as described in reference to step 3715, or asimilar database. The accessory calibration spectra may be digitallycoupled to the corresponding accessory ID, such that each accessorycalibration spectrum stored in the database is correlated to anaccessory ID.

In step 3750, a sample may be measured with the handheld spectrometer ata measurement site to generate sample measurement data. For example, thespectrometer may be placed in a cover in the measurement orientation andused to measure a sample surface, the spectrometer may be coupled to asample container and used to measure a sample received within the samplecontainer, or the spectrometer may be coupled to a liquid measurementaccessory and used to measure a liquid sample while partially immersedin the liquid sample.

In step 3755, the spectrometer ID of the handheld spectrometer used instep 3750 may be provided to a local processing unit in communicationwith the handheld spectrometer. For example, the spectrometer ID may beembedded in a chip in or on the spectrometer, and read throughelectrical contacts (e.g., I²C or SPI communication) or through wirelesscommunication systems (e.g., near-field communication, radio frequencyidentification, Bluetooth, WiFi, etc.). Alternatively or in combination,the user may provide the spectrometer ID to the local processing unit,for example by manually entering the ID comprising a serial number,scanning a barcode or QR code with an optical scanner, etc.

In step 3760, the sample measurement data generated in step 3750 and thespectrometer ID obtained in step 3755 may be transmitted to a processingunit configured to generate the sample spectra. The processing unit maycomprise a local or a remote processing unit, and data may betransmitted to said processing unit via a wired or wireless connection.

In step 3765, a cover may be measured with the handheld spectrometer ata measurement site to generate cover measurement data. For example, thespectrometer may be placed in the cover in the calibration orientation,and used to measure the calibration material provided near the closedend of the cover. In many instances, this calibration measurement ismade shortly before or after the sample measurement, in order to ensuretemporal proximity of the calibration measurement to the samplemeasurement and thereby account for variations of the spectrometersystem over time.

In step 3770, the cover ID of the cover measured in step 3765 may beprovided to a local processing unit in communication with the handheldspectrometer, in any of the ways described in reference to step 3755 forproviding the spectrometer ID.

In step 3775, the cover measurement data generated in step 3765 and thecover ID obtained in step 3770 may be transmitted to a processing unitconfigured to generate the sample spectra, as described in reference tostep 3760.

In step 3780, an accessory may be measured with the handheldspectrometer at a measurement site to generate accessory measurementdata. For example, the spectrometer may be coupled to a sample containeror a liquid measurement accessory as described herein, and thespectrometer may be used to measure a reference material provided in oron the accessory. In many instances, this calibration measurement ismade shortly before or after the sample measurement, in order to ensuretemporal proximity of the calibration measurement to the samplemeasurement and thereby account for variations of the spectrometersystem over time.

In step 3785, the accessory ID of the accessory measured in step 3780may be provided to a local processing unit in communication with thehandheld spectrometer, in any of the ways described in reference to step3755 for providing the spectrometer ID.

In step 3790, the accessory measurement data generated in step 3780 andthe accessory ID obtained in step 3785 may be transmitted to aprocessing unit configured to generate the sample spectra, as describedin reference to step 3760.

In step 3795, the processing unit may generate the sample spectra inresponse to one or more of: (1) the sample measurement data,spectrometer ID, and the corresponding spectrometer calibration spectrastored on the database; (2) the cover measurement data, cover ID, andthe corresponding cover calibration spectra stored on the database; and(3) the accessory measurement data, the accessory ID, and thecorresponding accessory calibration spectra stored on the database.Generation of the sample spectra can thus take into account the spectralresponse of the specific cover or accessory used to calibrate thespectrometer and the spectral response of the spectrometer system at thetime of measurement of the sample, thereby compensating for thevariation among the spectral response of different spectrometer systemcomponents, and improving the accuracy and reliability of the generatedsample spectra.

The steps of method 3700 are provided as an example of improving theaccuracy of sample measurements by a spectrometer using a calibrationprocedure. A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize manyvariations and modifications of method 3700 based on the disclosureprovided herein. For example, some steps may be added or removed. Someof the steps may comprise sub-steps. Many of the steps may be repeatedas many times as appropriate or necessary. One or more steps may beperformed in a different order than as illustrated in FIG. 37.

In some embodiments the spectrometer may be coupled to a samplecontainer, for example a tube or a pipette (e.g., a disposable pipette),or any other type of advanced liquid measurement accessory as describedherein to measure the reflectance or trans-reflectance spectrum ofliquids. The advanced liquid accessory, may be mounted possibly but notexclusively as an add-on on the spectrometer, eliminating the directcontact between the measured liquid and the spectrometer. As a resultthere is no need to clean the spectrometer between consecutivemeasurements.

The advanced liquid measurement accessory can be configured to beinserted into a container configured to hold the sample. The containercan have larger dimensions, such as a barrel. The advanced liquidmeasurement accessory can enable swift and convenient access to thecontainer content (e.g. sample liquid). The advanced liquid measurementaccessory can be configured to be inserted into the container toretrieve liquid sample from the container and to retain the liquidsample therewithin, and to be coupled to the spectrometer to allowmeasurement of the liquid sample by the spectrometer while retaining theliquid sample within the advanced liquid measurement accessory.

FIGS. 38A-38C show a perspective views of advanced liquid accessory inthe form of a disposable pipette 3800 coupled to the accessory 3609. Aportion of the disposable pipette 3800 containing a sample can bepositioned in the space 3606 to couple the disposable pipette 3800 tothe accessory 3609 such that the disposable pipette 3800 can bepositioned relative to a spectrometer coupled to the accessory 3609 toenable measurement of liquid sample retained within the disposablepipette 3800. The disposable pipette 3800 can comprise a bulb portion3810, a stem portion 3820 extending from the bulb portion 3810 and a tip3830 at an end of the bulb portion 3810 distal from the bulb portion3810. A liquid sample can be pulled into the disposable pipette 3800 viathe tip 3830 such that the liquid sample can be transported through thestem portion 3820 and into the bulb portion 3810. At least a portion ofthe bulb portion 3810 can be positioned in the space 3606 such that theliquid sample retained within the bulb portion 3810 can be analyzed by aspectrometer coupled to the accessory 3609. The liquid sample within thebulb portion 3810 can be positioned relative to the accessory 3609 suchthat the liquid sample can be illuminated by the illumination module ofthe spectrometer and reflectance and/or trans-reflectance from theliquid sample can be measured by the spectrometer module. In some casesthe bulb portion 3810 of the pipette 3800 may be squeezed in the space3606 of the accessory 3609. Squeezing the bulb portion 3810 in the space3609 can reduce or eliminate the interference of reflections from thepipette walls to the spectrum measurement.

In some cases, the illumination module and spectrometer modules of thespectrometer are separated by an opaque separation, preferably a blackwall, in order to reduce or eliminate the amount of light from theillumination module to enter the spectrometer module without passingthrough the fluid in the disposable pipette 3800.

FIGS. 44A and 44B are cross section views of a spectrometer comprisingthe disposable pipette 3800 as described with reference to FIGS. 38A-38Cin accordance with embodiments. The spectrometer comprises a black wall4400 configured and enabled to separate between the illumination exitingfor example from the illumination module 4220 and the spectrometermodule 4230. According to some configuration the black wall may be madeof plastic or other opaque material configured to reduce or eliminatethe amount of light from the illumination module to enter thespectrometer module.

FIG. 39 shows an advanced liquid accessory 3900 comprising an injectionunit for example a syringe or a cylinder or piston mechanism 3920 at thetop end of the pipette 3930 to enable convenient suction of liquid intoa measurement chamber part 3910.

In some cases, the spectrometer module and/or the illumination module ofthe spectrometer may be positioned relative to the measurement chamberpart 3910 located for example at the center of pipette 3930 to enablemeasurement of liquid sample within the measurement chamber part 3910.For example, the measurement chamber 3910 may be coupled to aspectrometer such that an illumination module and a spectrometer moduleof the spectrometer can be in optical communication with the measurementchamber 3910 to allow measurement of a liquid sample within themeasurement sample 3910.

In some cases, at least a portion of the liquid accessory 3900 can bepositioned in the space 3606 of the accessory 3609 to facilitatemeasurement of the liquid sample within the liquid accessory 3900 by aspectrometer coupled to the accessory 3609. For example, at least aportion of the measurement chamber part 3910 may be positioned in thespace 3606 of the accessory 3609 such that the illumination module andspectrometer module of the spectrometer coupled to the accessory 3609can be in optical communication with the liquid within the measurementchamber part 3910.

According to some embodiments the syringe may be made of a material suchas plastics.

In some embodiments, the syringe and/or the pipette may be disposable.

In some embodiments the syringe and/or the pipette may be recycled andconfigured for multiple use by a user.

FIG. 40 shows an extension device 4000 configured to be attached to aspectrometer 4050, in accordance with embodiments. The extension device4000 may be used in cases where the liquid is not easily accessible butcleaning is permitted. The extension device 4000 may comprise or may beattached at one end to the spectrometer 4050 and at a second end to ameasurement element such as a measurement container or measurement cup4100. The measurement cup 4100 can be positioned at least partially intoa liquid sample to allow measurement of the liquid sample by thespectrometer 4050. The measurement cup 4100 is configured with aplurality of units for sensing liquid and may be easily inserted intothe liquid. The spectrometer 4050 may comprise one or more features ofthe spectrometers as described herein, such as the spectrometer of FIG.1-15. Using the extension device 4000 can advantageously allowpositioning of the spectrometer outside of a liquid container whilemeasurement of the liquid is performed. The extension device 4000 mayfurther include one or more optical fiber bundles, for example a firstbundle 4010 and a second bundle 4020 connected at one end to themeasurement cup 4100. The extension device 4050 may include a combiner4155 to combine the first and second bundles 4010, 4020 to a singleoptical fiber element 4154 before the single optical element 4154 isdelivered into the measurement cup 4100. The optical fiber bundles 4010,4020 can be configured to provide optical communication between thespectrometer module and the illumination module of the spectrometer4050, and the liquid sample into which the measurement cup 4100 ispositioned. For example, the first optical bundle 4010 can couple thespectrometer module to the measurement cup 4100 while the second opticalbundle 4020 can couple the illumination module to the measurement cup4100. At least a portion of the optical fiber bundles 4010, 4020 can beoptically isolated from one another such that light transmitted withinthe respective portions of the optical fiber bundles 4010, 4020 do notcross-communicate. In some cases, at least a portion of each of thefirst optical fiber bundle 4010 the second optical fiber bundle 4020 andthe single optical fiber 4154 can be housed within respective opaquehousing members to facilitate reduced or eliminate cross-communicationbetween light transmitted by the optical fiber bundles 4010, 4020 or thesingle optical fiber element 4154.

In some embodiment, a single or more than two optical fibers (or fiberbundles) may be used.

In some embodiments the first fiber 4010 may be optically coupled to theillumination module of the spectrometer 4050 on one end and to themeasurement cup 4100 on the other end. The second fiber 4020 may beoptically coupled to the spectrometer module of the spectrometer 4050 onone end and to the measurement cup 4200 on the other end.

According to other embodiments the extension device may include abifurcated fiber bundle. One end of it may be connected to themeasurement cup 4100. The fiber bundle may be divided to at least twobundles, where a first bundle is optically coupled to the illuminationmodule of spectrometer and the other is optically coupled to thespectrometer module.

FIG. 41 shows the measurement cup 4100 units as described with referenceto FIG. 40 in accordance with embodiments. The cup comprises a window4150 placed on a reflector 4160. The reflector is placed on an opaqueelement 4170. As described herein, the measurement cup 4100 isconfigured with a plurality of units for sensing liquid and may beeasily inserted into the liquid.

According to some embodiments the cup 4100 comprises a main carrier orholder unit 4180 configured to hold the reflector 4160 in apredetermined constant distance from the optical fiber. The holder 4180may comprise a plurality of shafts for example four shafts 4151connected via a plurality of connectors such as screws 4181 to a carrierunit 4182. The carrier unit 4182 is configured to hold the window 4150,the reflector 4160 and the opaque element. In some cases the carrierunit 4182 may be cylindrical shaped and may be made of metal or othermaterials. The screws 4181 may be further connected to a plug element4183 configured to cover and seal elements 4150, 4160 and the opaqueelement 4170. The plug 4183 may be made of plastic or any other materialconfigured to seal the cup 4100. In some instances, the cup may furthercomprise one or more sealing elements 4172 such as a single O-ringshaped element located below the opaque element 4170.

In some cases the range of light beam transmitted from the fiber may be2α in respect to an axis X. The angle α may be in a range of about 0-40degrees, for example 10 degrees. Accordingly the light beam diameter maybe in the range of 2 to 20 mm for example 4.61 mm of a fiber having adiameter of about 1.08 mm and the distance from the fiber edge to thewindow 4150 may be for example 10 mm.

FIG. 42A shows a schematic view 4200 of a handheld device 4210 coupledto an otoscope accessory component 4215 in accordance withconfigurations. The handheld device 4210 can comprise one or morespectrometers as described herein (e.g., FIGS. 1-15). The handhelddevice 4210 comprises a housing member 4212 for covering a spectrometermodule 4230 and an illumination 4220 module of the handheld device 4210.The handheld device 4210 is configured and enabled to be coupled to anaccessory 4215 by one or more adaptors such as fixed parts 4250. Theaccessory 4215 may form a part of a spectro-otoscope. The otoscopeaccessory component 4215 may comprise an otoscope cover 4240 configuredto be inserted to the ear of a subject. The otoscope cover 4240 may havea tapered profile, for example having a cone shape, to facilitateinsertion into the ear. The otoscope cover 4240 may be disposable. Theotoscope cover 4240 may be positioned over inner fixed parts 4250 whichmay not be disposable. The otoscope cover 4240 can be configured toprovide an external barrier for the entirety of the inner fixed parts4250 such that the inner fixed parts 4250 can remain sterile while theotoscope cover 4240 contacts a subject. In some cases, the otoscopecover 4240 may be configured to not be reusable such that a differentcover 4240 is used for each subject or ear. The otoscope cover 4240 canpreferably be dispensable. The otoscope cover 4240 may be made ofplastic or other material. The otoscope cover 4240 can be configured tobe removably coupled to the inner fixed parts 4250 such that theotoscope cover 4240 is changed between subjects and/or ears, while theinner fixed parts 4250 can be reused, thereby reducing components whichneed to be sterilized and/or dispensed for examination of the differentsubjects and/or ears. The inner fixed parts 4250 can be changed at alower frequency than the otoscope cover 4240.

The one or more inner fixed parts 4250 may be more permanently attachedor coupled to the handheld device 4210, such as via a handheld devicecover 4211. The inner fixed parts 4250 can be coupled to thespectrometer to facilitate positioning the otoscope cover 4240 at adesired position relative to the handheld device 4210. As describedherein, the handheld device 4210 can comprise a spectrometer. Theotoscope cover 4240 can be positioned relative to the spectrometer suchthat the spectrometer module 4230 and the illumination module 4220 canbe in optical communication with the inside of a subject's ear when atleast a portion of the otoscope accessory unit 4215 is positioned withinthe subject's ear. In some cases, the otoscope accessory unit 4215 maycomprise a first light pipe 4260 and a second light pipe 4265 forguiding light accordingly from the illumination module 4220 to the ear,such as the ear drum or another portion of the ear, and back to thespectrometer module 4230. Preferably the otoscope accessory unit 4215 isplaced in front of the spectrometer head, covering the illuminationmodule 4220 and the spectrometer module 4230. In some cases, however,the otoscope accessory unit 4215 may be located or connected to otherunits of the handheld device 4210 and may be in communication with theillumination module 4220 and the spectrometer module 4230 via the lightpipes. The first light pipe 4260 and the second light pipe 4265 may bepositioned within the inner fixed parts 4250 such that the light pipesare protected by the inner fixed parts 4250.

In accordance with embodiments the first light pipe 4260 and the secondlight pipe 4265 are optically isolated from each other to inhibit lightfrom traveling from one pipe to another pipe.

According to some embodiments the light pipe diameter at sections 4272and 4274 (e.g. the side proximate to the spectrometer and illuminationunits of the spectrometer) is wider than that of the light pipe distalfrom the spectrometer and illumination units. For example, the lightpipe can be as wide as possible, such as based on dimensions of theinner fixed parts 4250. For example, the diameter of each of the firstand second light pipes at sections 4272 and 4274 can be in the range ofabout 2 to about 6 mm. For example, the diameter of each of the firstand second light pipes at sections 4276 and 4278 can be about 1 mm toabout 4 mm.

According to some embodiments a window made of for example plastic orglass may be attached to the end of either the fixed parts 4250 or thecover 4240, to avoid the need for sterilizing the fixed elements such asthe fixed parts of the device 4200.

FIG. 42B shows another embodiment of an otoscope accessory unit 4255wherein one or more optical fibers 4280 and 4282 are used for guidinglight accordingly from the illumination module 4220 to a portion of theear, such as the ear drum, and back to the spectrometer module 4230.

FIG. 43 shows a perspective view of a spectro-otoscope 4315 comprisingan otoscope accessory component 4340 coupled to a handheld device 4310,in accordance with embodiments. The handheld device 4310 can comprise aspectrometer such that the inside of a subject's ear can be analyzedusing the spectrometer when at least a portion of the otoscope accessorycomponent 4340 is inserted into the ear.

According to some embodiments there is provided a system, device andmethod for obtaining a spectrum of reflected light from a body lumen ofa subject. More specifically there is provided a handheld deviceconfigured and enabled to obtain a spectrum of reflected light from anear. The handheld device may be for example the handheld device or thespectrometer as illustrated in FIGS. 1-10 or any handheld devicesconfigured and enabled to obtain a spectrum of reflected light from anear.

While preferred embodiments of the present disclosure have been shownand described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the artthat such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerousvariations, changes, and substitutions will be apparent to those skilledin the art without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments ofthe present disclosure described herein may be employed withoutdeparting from the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the scopeof the present invention shall be defined solely by the scope of theappended claims and the equivalents thereof.

1. (canceled)
 2. A sample container accessory for a handheldspectrometer, the sample container accessory comprising: a housingcomprising a cavity to receive a solid sample therein; one or moreengagement structures to couple the housing to a first end of a handheldspectrometer, the first end of the handheld spectrometer comprising anoptical module having a light source and a sensor array; and a structuredisposed within the cavity and shaped and sized to receive a solidsample in a fixed position and orientation with respect to the lightsource and the sensor array.
 3. The sample container accessory of claim2, wherein the housing comprises a non-optically transmissive materialconfigured to inhibit interference from ambient light when the samplecontainer accessory is coupled to the handheld spectrometer.
 4. Thesample container accessory of claim 2, wherein the structure comprisesan insert sized and shaped to fit within the cavity.
 5. The samplecontainer accessory of claim 2, wherein the structure comprises one ormore of a depression, an indentation, a groove, a ridge, or a hole. 6.The sample container accessory of claim 2, wherein the one or moreengagement structures comprise one or more of a protrusion, a rim, aflange, a recess, or a magnet.
 7. The sample container accessory ofclaim 2, wherein an inner bottom surface of the structure disposedbehind the solid sample comprises a reflective material.
 8. The samplecontainer accessory of claim 7, wherein the structure is arranged toplace the reflective material at a fixed distance from the light sourceand the sensor array when the handheld spectrometer is coupled to thesample container accessory.
 9. The sample container accessory of claim7, wherein the reflective material comprises a diffuse reflectivematerial.
 10. The sample container accessory of claim 7, wherein thereflective material comprises a specular reflective material.
 11. Thesample container accessory of claim 7, wherein one or more inner sidesurfaces of the structure adjacent to the inner bottom surface comprisea second reflective material to reflect light energy from the lightsource toward the inner bottom surface.
 12. The sample containeraccessory of claim 7, wherein one or more inner side surfaces of thestructure adjacent to the inner bottom surface comprise alight-absorbing material to absorb light energy from the light source.13. The sample container accessory of claim 7, wherein the reflectivematerial comprises a substantially constant reflectivity.
 14. The samplecontainer accessory of claim 13, wherein the substantially constantreflectivity comprises a reflectivity fixed to within about 1% for aconstant wavelength.
 15. The sample container accessory of claim 13,wherein the substantially constant reflectivity comprises a reflectivityfixed to within 1% for a range of wavelengths, wherein the rangecomprises at least about 250 nm.
 16. The sample container accessory ofclaim 13, wherein the substantially constant reflectivity comprises avariable amount of reflectivity over a range of wavelengths.
 17. Thesample container accessory of claim 16, wherein the amount of variablereflectivity comprises no more than about 10% over a range of about 250nm.
 18. The sample container accessory of claim 2, wherein the structureis sized and shaped to receive a pill.
 19. A method for measuring asample spectrum of a solid sample, the method comprising: placing asolid sample within a structure disposed in a cavity of a samplecontainer accessory, the structure configured to receive the solidsample at a fixed position and orientation; coupling a handheldspectrometer to the sample container accessory by engaging one or moreengagement structures at a first end of the handheld spectrometer withone or more corresponding engagement structures of the sample containeraccessory, wherein the first end of the handheld spectrometer comprisesa light source and a sensor array; measuring the solid sample with thehandheld spectrometer while the sample container accessory is coupled tothe handheld spectrometer; and generating the sample spectrum of thesolid sample in response to measurement data.